Abstract
The present work examines the effects of different integrated weed management (IWM) programs on multiple herbicide-resistant Papaver rhoeas populations in terms of effectiveness, profitability and carbon footprint. With this aim a trial was established in a winter cereal field under no-till in North-Eastern Spain during three consecutive seasons. Four IWM programs with different intensification levels, from less (crop rotation, mechanical control, and no herbicides) to more intense (wheat monoculture with high chemical inputs), were established. The different strategies integrated in the four programs were efficient in managing the weed after three years, with increased effectiveness after management program intensification. Whereas low input program (which includes fallow season) represented less economic cost than the other programs, on average, no differences were observed on carbon foot print, considered as kg CO2eq kg−1 product, between the different programs, except in the crop rotation program due to the low pea yield obtained. The results from this study show that in the search for a balance between crop profitability and reduction of the carbon footprint while controlling an herbicide resistant population is challenging, and particularly under no-till. In this scenario the short term priority should be to reduce the presence of multiple herbicide resistant biotypes integrating the different available chemical, cultural, and physical strategies.
Highlights
The adoption of integrated weed management (IWM) programs has been proven to be the best method for reducing weed infestation levels, compared with traditional cereal monocrop systems
In Mediterranean semiarid areas of Spain, limited options are available for crop rotations, and crop sowing date is dependent upon autumn rainfall, which is often irregular and erratic
Late frosts occurred on 30 April 2017, which affected the cereal grain production, but more so in wheat than in barley due to the different structure of their grain wrap
Summary
The adoption of integrated weed management (IWM) programs has been proven to be the best method for reducing weed infestation levels, compared with traditional cereal monocrop systems. Integrated weed management programs include different cultural (i.e., crop rotation, sowing delay, crop density, sowing pattern), physical (soil tillage, harrowing), and chemical strategies [1,2,3]. In Mediterranean semiarid areas of Spain, limited options are available for crop rotations, and crop sowing date is dependent upon autumn rainfall, which is often irregular and erratic. This scenario narrows the benefits available after crop harvest, thereby forcing most growers to adopt conservation tillage systems. In areas with conservation tillage in Spain, corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) has become one of the most widespread broadleaf weed species [6]
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