EFFICIENCY OF THE APPLE PROTECTION SYSTEM AGAINST PHILLOSTICTOSIS

Abstract

There has been an increase in the harmfulness and the spread of various spots that affect the leaves and cause a significant deterioration of apple plants in the orchards of the Central Blackearth Region in recent years. It was determined during the mycological analysis of apple leaves that the pathogens are fungi Phyllosticta Pirina Sacc., Phyllosticta mali Pr.et Del. The permanent use of chemical protection products against diseases leads to the appearance of resistance and the violation of the ecological balance in the agrocenosis of the apple orchard. One of the promising methods to prevent the emergence of disease resistance to the products used is the alternation of preparations with a different mode of action. The use of highly resistant and immune to diseases varieties reduces the number of fungicide treatments in the protection system of apple orchards. The study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of the apple tree’s protection system against phyllosticta. The research was done in the experimental orchard of the I. V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center in 2018–2019. The objects of research were apple varieties immune to scab Akademik Kazakov, Vympel, Bylina, Rozhdestvenskoe, Fregat and scab resistant variety Kovalenkovskoye on grafted 54–118 rootstock. Our research studied the effectiveness of environmentally safe protection products with low consumption rates to reduce the harmfulness of phylostictosis on apple trees (Delan, 0,6 kg/ha; Zato 0,14 kg/ha; Medeya, 1,0 l/ha). The development of the disease in the сontrol option without any treatments varied from 0,5 % (‘Rozhdestvenskoye’ variety) to 3,3% (Vympel variety). In the experimental treatment the development of phylostictosis ranged from 0,05% (Rozhdestvenskoye variety) to 0,31% (Vympel variety). The biological effectiveness of the studied products in the researched varieties varied from 82,5 % (‘Kovalenkovskoye’ variety) to 88,4 % (‘Bylina’ variety). The high biological efficiency was observed in the ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’ variety (90,2 %) and in the ‘Vympel’ variety (90,6 %). The disease progression in treatment with the farm plant protection scheme was 1,3–2,5 times more than in the experimental option. The biological efficiency was lower on 7,9–17,2 %. The lowest yield was on ‘Kovalenkovskoye’ variety in the control option. The largest yield was in the experimental treatment and varied from 5 kg/tr. to 6,8 kg/tr. (2018) and from 6,8 kg/tr. to 9,0 kg/tr. (2019). The production of apple fruits using immune and resistant varieties and low-hazard products with low cost rates helps to reduce the fungicidal load and obtain high biological efficiency against diseases.