Abstract
BackgroundThe codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L). (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an important pest of apple in Turkey and other apple producing countries in the world. Several control methods are available for reducing the pest populations. Entomopathogenic nematode (EPNs), for example, can be used as a potential alternative to chemical insecticides to control codling moth larvae in the soil as eco-friendly management their hosts that can actively find them in cryptic locations.ResultsEfficacy of 4 EPN isolates, Steinernema carpocapsae (Bakışlı), S. feltiae (ES-3), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (TOK-20) and H. bacteriophora (11-KG) for controlling the 1st instar larvae of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Codling moth was susceptible to different rates to all the 4 EPN isolates. All nematode trials were more effective than the control (water). The overall mortality caused by S. carpocapsae (Bakışlı 05) was significantly higher than the other EPN species. S. carpocapsae was the most effective with the highest tested concentration (100 IJs/larva), killing 82.63% of codling moth larvae, followed by S. feltilae (ES-3), with a mortality rate of 71.5%. H. bacteriophora (TOK-20) exhibited the least mortality at 25 IJs/larva concentration in all experiments.ConclusionThe study proved that these nematodes were very efficient and could be used to control codling moth in biological control programs.
Highlights
The codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L). (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an important pest of apple in Turkey and other apple producing countries in the world
Results were evaluated after 96 h entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) inoculation on the codling moth larvae
The mortality rate caused by Steinernema carpocapsae (Bakışlı) was significantly higher than the others; H. bacteriophora (11KG), H. bacteriophora (TOK-20), S. feltiae (ES-3) (p < 0.001)
Summary
The codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L). (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an important pest of apple in Turkey and other apple producing countries in the world. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an important pest of apple in Turkey and other apple producing countries in the world. Entomopathogenic nematode (EPNs), for example, can be used as a potential alternative to chemical insecticides to control codling moth larvae in the soil as eco-friendly management their hosts that can actively find them in cryptic locations. Apple is an economically important fruit crop produced mostly in countries with a temperate climate worldwide. Turkey is the third largest apple producing country in the world (FAOSTAT 2018). (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the most serious pests of pome fruit worldwide and the most damaging one of commercial apple, pear, quince, and walnut orchards in Turkey and in some other countries in the world. Use of organophosphate insecticides has been most of the common methods to control codling moth in apple orchards. Researchers are seeking alternative methods to the chemical control (Anonymous 2008; Gill and Garg 2014)
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