Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of 3D printed polycaprolactone (PCL)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold containing bone demineralized and decellularized extracellular matrix (bdECM) and human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) on bone regeneration. Scaffolds were divided into PCL/β-TCP, PCL/β-TCP/bdECM, and PCL/β-TCP/bdECM/BMP groups. In vitro release kinetics of rhBMP-2 were determined with respect to cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. These three reconstructive materials were implanted into 8 mm diameter calvarial bone defect in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were sacrificed four weeks after implantation for micro-CT, histologic, and histomorphometric analyses. The findings obtained were used to calculate new bone volumes (mm3) and new bone areas (%). Excellent cell bioactivity was observed in the PCL/β-TCP/bdECM and PCL/β-TCP/bdECM/BMP groups, and new bone volume and area were significantly higher in the PCL/β-TCP/bdECM/BMP group than in the other groups (p < .05). Within the limitations of this study, bdECM printed PCL/β-TCP scaffolds can reproduce microenvironment for cells and promote adhering and proliferating the cells onto scaffolds. Furthermore, in the rat calvarial defect model, the scaffold which printed rhBMP-2 loaded bdECM stably carries rhBMP-2 and enhances bone regeneration confirming the possibility of bdECM as rhBMP-2 carrier.
Highlights
Scaffolds used for bone tissue regeneration should be biocompatible and biodegradable and have appropriate mechanical properties and architectures [1]
Soft tissue and marrow of the porcine bone were manually removed with using surgical blade, and the remaining bone was freeze-dried at −85∘C for 24 hr and ground to size particles of porcine bone (SPB)
All 28 rats survived during the procedure, and 28 defect samples were collected without any issue
Summary
Scaffolds used for bone tissue regeneration should be biocompatible and biodegradable and have appropriate mechanical properties and architectures [1]. It has been found difficult to develop biomaterials by mimicking the ECM compositions of target tissues [11, 12]. For this reason, in the bone tissue engineering field, demineralized bone matrix (DBM) produced using ECM extracted from bovine bone has been widely used [13, 14]. In order to suppress immune response to DBM xenografts, a bone demineralized and decellularized extracellular matrix (bdECM) gel has been used [17, 18]. 3D printing of bdECM on PCL/PLCA/β-TCP porous scaffolds was found to promote bone regeneration and improve osteoblast adhesion and proliferation [18]. It was suggested that bdECM could be used as a bioink for bioprinting cells [12, 18], in a subsequent study, it was found difficult to maintain high cell density and vitality during the fabrication and transplantation process and to reconstruct small dental defects [19]
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