Effects of Waterpipe Smoking, Immobilization and Darkness Stress on Serum Creatine Kinase and Alkaline Phosphatase Levels in Female Rats

Abstract

Background: Various studies indicate that life style may influence serum enzyme levels. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of waterpipe smoking, immobilization and darkness stress on serum creatine kinase (CK) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in female rats. Materials and Methods: Female Wistar rats were divided into control, waterpipe smoking, immobilized, under darkness stress, immobilized waterpipe smoking, under darkness stress waterpipe smoking, under darkness stress immobilized and under darkness stress immobilized waterpipe smoking of 7 each. Waterpipe smoking exposure was 10 th /day for 10 minutes of each with 5 minutes resting time; chronically immobilization was applied 4 hours/day (twice a day for 2 hours with 2 hours resting time) and darkness stress for 6 hours/day in dark situation. Following 7 weeks experiment, serum enzyme levels were measured and compared statistically between groups using ANOVA. Results: The results indicated enhanced serum CK and ALP levels in all groups compared with control (P < 0.05). Also, there was a significant difference in serum CK levels between all the groups including different types or multiplicity of stress (P < 0.05). Serum ALP levels were found less affected by these factors; where darkness or immobilization have shown semi-equal effect on these enzyme levels with no significant difference. Besides, under darkness immobilized waterpipe smoking, ALP levels have no significant difference compared to immobilized waterpipe smoking or under darkness stress waterpipe smoking animals. Conclusions: Our findings clearly indicate a synergistic effect of waterpipe smoke, immobilization and darkness stress on serum CK levels, whereas serum ALP levels of experimental groups have shown no significant synergism for the mentioned factors.