Abstract
In this study, a series of carrier-phase direct numerical simulations are conducted on spherical expanding premixed hydrogen/air flames with liquid water addition. An Eulerian–Lagrangian approach with two-way coupling is employed to describe the liquid–gas interaction. The impacts of preferential diffusion, the equivalence ratio, water loading, and the initial diameter of the water droplets are examined and analyzed in terms of flame evolution. It is observed that liquid water has the potential to influence flame propagation characteristics by reducing the total burning rate, flame area, and burning rate per unit area, attributed to flame cooling effects. However, these effects become discernible only under conditions where water evaporation is sufficiently intense. For the conditions investigated, the influence of preferential diffusion on flame evolution is found to be more significant than the interaction with liquid water. The results suggest that due to the slow evaporation rate of water, which is a result of its high latent heat of evaporation, the water droplets do not disturb the initial flame kernel growth significantly. This has implications for water injection concepts in internal combustion engines and for explosion mitigation.
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