Abstract
PurposeTemperature alteration can modify the polymerization of n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA)-iodized oil mixtures during vascular embolization; its effects on viscosity, polymerization time, and intra-arterial distribution of the NBCA-iodized oil mixture were investigated.Materials and methodsIn vitro, the viscosities of NBCA, iodized oil, and NBCA-iodized oil mixtures (ratio, 1:1–8) were measured at 4–60 ºC using a rotational rheometer. The polymerization times (from contact with blood plasma to stasis) were recorded at 0–60 ºC using a high-speed video camera. In vivo, the 1:2 mixture was injected into rabbit renal arteries at 0, 20, and 60 ºC; intra-arterial distribution of the mixture was pathologically evaluated.ResultsThe mixtures’ viscosities decreased as temperature increased; those at 60 ºC were almost four to five times lower than those at 4 ºC. The polymerization time of NBCA and the 1:1–4 mixtures increased as temperature decreased in the 0–30 ºC range; the degree of time prolongation increased as the percentage of iodized oil decreased. The 0 ºC group demonstrated distributions of the mixture within more peripheral arterial branches than the 20 and 60 ºC groups.ConclusionWarming reduces the mixture’s viscosity; cooling prolongs polymerization. Both can be potential factors to improve the handling of NBCA-iodized oil mixtures for lesions requiring peripheral delivery.Secondary abstractTemperature alteration influences the polymerization time, viscosity, and intra-arterial distribution of NBCA-iodized oil mixtures. Warming reduces the viscosity of the mixture, while cooling prolongs polymerization.
Highlights
N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) provides secure vessel occlusion due to its strong adhesive property [1,2,3]
This study aimed to investigate the effect of temperature alteration on the viscosity, polymerization time, and intraarterial distribution of the NBCA-iodized oil mixtures with the widest temperature range possible, through in vitro and in vivo experimentations
For the mixtures with a ratio of 1:6 or 1:8, there were no apparent changes in the polymerization time in the temperature range of 0–30 oC or 0–20 oC, respectively, and their polymerization times increased when the temperature increased during 30–60 oC or 20–60 oC, respectively
Summary
N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) provides secure vessel occlusion due to its strong adhesive property [1,2,3]. Japanese Journal of Radiology (2021) 39:1111–1118 its effect on the mixture viscosity and the polymerization time [3, 13, 14], though the previously evaluated temperature range was limited and a more detailed study may help in better handling of the NBCA-iodized oil mixtures for lesions requiring peripheral delivery. The ratio of interlobar and arcuate arteries that contained iodized oil to the total number of the same segments in the 0 oC group was the highest among all three temperatures. It was significantly different from the 20 oC group (70.8 ± 9.6 vs 30.2 ± 6.1%, p = 0.025). Distribution of iodized oil within the nephron was only observed in the 0 oC group (30.3 ± 9.0%)
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