Abstract
Aims: Water containing a fluoride concentration of up to 1.0 mg/L is safe. It was found that the level of fluoride in groundwater is higher than surface water, which may lead to various health problems related to fluorosis. T. indica fruit pulp powder may help to reduce fluorosis condition in rats.
 Methods: In the present study, healthy adult rats of Wister strain (Rattus norvegicus) weighing between 180-200gm were used for experiments. The animal was divided into five groups. Group I, control rats received only tap water (0.9ppm F). Group II rats were treated with Tamarindus indica fruit pulp powder (4mg/day/rat) for 60 days. Group III rats were exposed to Fluoride water (100ppm F) for 60 days. Group IV treated with fluoride water (100ppm F) along with T. indica fruit pulp powder (4mg/day/rat) for 60 days. whereas, group V rats were ingested fluoride water (100ppm F) for 60 days and Withdrawal from treatment for 30 days. After respective treatment animals were autopsied and biochemical parameters of blood (erythrocyte and leukocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrits); serum (protein, glucose, cholesterol); serum enzyme activity of SGOT SGPT, Acid phosphatase, and serum fluoride and calcium level was estimated using standard techniques.
 Results: Results revealed that total erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values were (P=.01) reduced significantly after rats were exposed to fluoride (100 ppm) water for 60 days. whereas total leucocyte count increased with fluoride (100ppm) water exposure for 60 days as compared to control values. The serum enzyme activity of SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphate elevated significantly (P=.01), whereas enzyme activity of acid phosphatase diminished following fluoride water treatment to rats, as composed to control value. The level of serum fluoride enhanced significantly (P=.01) in fluorotic rats as compared to the control value. However, when fluorosed rats were treated with T. indica for 60 days restored all altered parameters almost to control value. Withdrawal of fluoride water for 30 days revealed that there is partial recovery in all parameters studied.
 Conclusion: Fluoride water consumption increases free radical generation, limits enzyme activity, and results in altered hematological and blood biochemistry. Tamarindus indica pulp powder was found to be beneficial in mitigating fluoride toxicity in rats.
Highlights
MATERIALS AND METHODSContamination of the environment by different chemicals and the resulting adverse health consequences in all living species, including humans and animals, require immediate attention across the world
Group IV: Rats were treated with fluoride water (100ppF) and T. indica fruit pulp powder (4mg/day/rat) for 60 days
The results revealed that total RBC count, leukocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit value of group I and group II were comparable to each other showed no harmful effects of T. indica on the blood physiology of rats
Summary
Contamination of the environment by different chemicals and the resulting adverse health consequences in all living species, including humans and animals, require immediate attention across the world. Because of its capacity to create oxidative stress, Fluoride consumption over time affects soft tissue such as the liver, kidney, brain, muscles, gastrointestinal system, and various other reproductive and endocrine organs [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. The toxic effects of high doses of sodium fluoride (400mg/kg/ b.w. for 70 days) water observed in rats [9]. Fluoride water caused oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver tissues of rats. Atmaca et al [6] reported that fluoride water exposure to rats altered biochemical and hematological parameters [6]. The tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) is found throughout India and has been used to treat various diseases, including pain, diabetes, diuresis problems in human and animal infections, and stress [12]. The present study was undertaken to highlight the effects of T. indica in fluoride-exposed rats
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