Abstract
The alloy casting process is one of the major manufacturing processes to produce near net shape components. The casing process is prone to a wide variety of defects, with hot tear being one of the most detrimental. The two main factors generally recognized as the primary cause for formation of hot tears are the mechanical response of the mush (which effects its permeability), and the solidification range (solidification time). The response of the mushy zone under deformation is mainly affected by the solid fraction, strain rate and grain morphology. Even though the science behind the formation of hot tear is understood, there is no general criterion to quantify the hot tear formation under varying casting conditions. The development of ultra-fast X-ray imaging has facilitated the means to quantify the effects of the critical parameters in-situ and develop better correlations for hot tear prediction. The in situ experiments will also provide insights into mush rheology, which has significant influence on hot tear formation. In this study, isothermal semi solid compression studies of Al-Si-Cu alloys were carried out using specially built thermo-mechanical rig. We studied the effects of the strain rate in the range of 2 × 10-4–0.02/s and solid fraction (∼0.6-0.9) on the mechanical response of the mushy zone. The sample were characterized before and after deformation using X-ray micro tomography. The data was subjected to an image processing routine and the amount of porosity and hot tear was quantified. The stress-strain curve of the semisolid alloys showed a characteristic strain softening behaviour for semi solid samples with ∼0.6-0.7 solid fraction, irrespective of loading rates, whereas the behaviour at higher fractions were that of constant flow stress. Additionally, in situ compression experiments were carried out, wherein the liquid channel thickness at various strain values were measured. Isolated liquid channels were formed under loading, from where the hot tears were found to nucleate. Hot tear susceptibility was found to increase with increasing strain rate and rheology of the mush, which is dependent on solid fraction.
Highlights
To achieve the continuing stride for improving the fuel economy and reducing the carbon footprint, development of lightweight high strength alloys for automobiles have become a necessity[1]
We studied the effects of the strain rate in the range of 2×10-4– 0.02/s and solid fraction (~0.6-0.9) on the mechanical response of the mushy zone
Hot tear susceptibility was found to increase with increasing strain rate and rheology of the mush, which is dependent on solid fraction
Summary
To achieve the continuing stride for improving the fuel economy and reducing the carbon footprint, development of lightweight high strength alloys for automobiles have become a necessity[1]. The root cause of the defects can be traced to the semi-solid state during solidification, at relatively high solid fractions At these solid fractions, a solid network is formed and as a consequence, the permeability of the mushy zone will decrease resulting in difficulty in feeding. Parametric study of semi-solid compression test of Al-4 wt.% Cu alloys to understand the effect of solid fraction, strain rate, grain morphology is reported by Tsimas and identified different factors affecting the flow resistance[11].Based on these experimental observations, several theories of micro-mechanisms of defect formation have been proposed and criteria for cracking have been developed [12][13]. The interplay between the deformation rate and dilatancy is studied from the stress strain diagram
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