Abstract
Spray-dried animal plasma (SDP) in feed for several animal species provides health benefits, but research about use of SDP in shrimp feed is very limited. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of dietary SDP on growth performance, feed utilization, immune responses, and prevention of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In Experiment 1, the post-larvae were divided into five groups (four tank/group and 80 shrimp/tank) and fed four times daily diets with porcine SDP at 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6% of the diet for 45 days. In Experiment 2, the surviving shrimp from Experiment 1 were redistributed into six groups: four SDP groups as in Experiment 1 plus the positive and negative controls (four tank/group and 30 shrimp/tank). They were then challenged with V. parahaemolyticus by immersion at 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL and were fed with the same diets for another 4 days. In Experiment 1, shrimp fed 4.5% or 6% SDP diets had significantly higher body weight, survival rate, and improved feed conversion ratio. The immune parameters (total hemocyte count and phagocytic, phenoloxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities) of the shrimp fed 3–6% SDP diets also showed significant enhancement compared to the control. In Experiment 2, the survival rates of the 3–6% SDP groups were significantly higher than the positive control at day 4 after the immersion challenge. Likewise, the histopathological study revealed milder signs of bacterial infection in the hepatopancreas of the 3–6% SDP groups compared to the challenged positive control and 1.5% SDP groups. In conclusion, shrimp fed diets with SDP, especially at 4.5–6% of the diet, showed significant improvement in overall health conditions and better resistance to V. parahaemolyticus infection.
Highlights
In the intensive aquaculture system, high stocking density often increases shrimp stress and makes them more susceptible to infectious diseases, especially with the higher inclusion of vegetable derived proteins replacing fish meal which have lower digestible protein and provide more favorable conditions for specific pathogenic bacterial growth in ponds
After 45 days of the feeding trial, shrimp fed with 6% Spray-dried animal plasma (SDP) groups (3.13 g) had the highest average body weight, followed by the 4.5% (3.06 g) and 3% SDP (2.88 g) which were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control and 1.5% SDP groups (Table 2)
The same was true for the feed intake even though no statistical analysis was performed in this parameter (Table 2)
Summary
In the intensive aquaculture system, high stocking density often increases shrimp stress and makes them more susceptible to infectious diseases, especially with the higher inclusion of vegetable derived proteins replacing fish meal which have lower digestible protein and provide more favorable conditions for specific pathogenic bacterial growth in ponds. Spray-dried animal plasma (SDP) is a protein-rich animal blood by-product obtained from abattoirs. Industrial production of SDP involves the separation of the plasma from blood cells by centrifugation, concentration by vacuum evaporation or filtration, and spray-drying [3,4]. SDP is usually prepared from either pig (spray-dried porcine plasma; SDPP) or cattle blood (spray-dried bovine plasma; SDBP). It contains a diverse biological component including immunoglobulins (Ig), albumin, peptides, enzymes, transferrin, fibrinogen, and growth factors. Regarding the biosafety concern of SDP products, it should be noted that only the blood from healthy pigs was collected, and the spray-drying process can effectively eliminate any potential bacterial and viral pathogens [6]. The risk of disease transmission to human consumers as a result of eating SDP-fed shrimps was unlikely
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