Abstract
Simple SummaryWhite spot disease is the major obstacle for black tiger shrimp production that cannot spread in freshwater conditions. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different salinity levels on the production performance of tiger shrimp. Results indicate that low salinity stress (particularly freshwater) significantly reduces growth rate initially. Following an initial acclimation phase (up to 30 days), tiger shrimp perform regular growth. Overall, results showed farming potential of black tiger shrimp at freshwater environments (with minimal effects on production performance) that can help minimizing outbreaks of white spot disease.Salinity is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting growth, metabolism, immunity and survival of aquatic species in farming environments. As a euryhaline species, the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) can tolerate a wide range of salinity levels and is farmed between brackish to marine water conditions. The current study tested the effects of six different salinity levels (0‰, 2.5‰, 5‰, 10‰, 20‰ and 30‰) on the selected physiological, biochemical and genetic markers (individual changes in the expression pattern of selected candidate genes) in the black tiger shrimp. Experimental salinity levels significantly affected growth and survival performance (p < 0.05); the highest levels of growth and survival performance were observed at the control (20‰) salinity. Salinity reductions significantly increased free fatty acid (FFA), but reduced free amino acid (FAA) levels. Lower salinity treatments (0–10‰) significantly reduced hemolymph osmolality levels while 30‰ significantly increased osmolality levels. The five different salinity treatments increased the expression of osmoregulatory and hemolymph regulatory genes by 1.2–8-fold. In contrast, 1.2–1.6-fold lower expression levels were observed at the five salinity treatments for growth (alpha amylase) and immunity (toll-like receptor) genes. O2 consumption, glucose and serotonin levels, and expression of osmoregulatory genes showed rapid increase initially with salinity change, followed by reducing trend and stable patterns from the 5th day to the end. Hemocyte counts, expression of growth and immunity related genes showed initial decreasing trends, followed by an increasing trend and finally stability from 20th day to the end. Results indicate the farming potential of P. monodon at low salinity environments (possibly at freshwater) by proper acclimation prior to stocking with minimal effects on production performance.
Highlights
Farming of marine species (e.g., Penaeid shrimps) in freshwater can provide the benefit of eliminating usual pathogenic loads from the natural marine environment [1,2], providing farming opportunities in inland regions where seawater is difficult to access.For example, white spot disease caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most widespread and severe disease, potentially causing total mortality in farmedPenaeid shrimp [3]
White spot disease caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most widespread and severe disease, potentially causing total mortality in farmed
Specific pathogen free (SPF) juvenile individuals (≈0.2 g) of black tiger shrimp from the same cohort were obtained from a commercial hatchery (Panna SPF Hatchery), Khulna, Bangladesh
Summary
Farming of marine species (e.g., Penaeid shrimps) in freshwater can provide the benefit of eliminating usual pathogenic loads from the natural marine environment [1,2], providing farming opportunities in inland regions where seawater is difficult to access.For example, white spot disease caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most widespread and severe disease, potentially causing total mortality in farmedPenaeid shrimp [3]. Farming of marine species (e.g., Penaeid shrimps) in freshwater can provide the benefit of eliminating usual pathogenic loads from the natural marine environment [1,2], providing farming opportunities in inland regions where seawater is difficult to access. White spot disease caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most widespread and severe disease, potentially causing total mortality in farmed. Previous investigations showed that WSSV cannot readily spread or cause disease outbreak in freshwater conditions [4]. Growing Penaeid shrimp in freshwater can help to overcome the challenge of disease outbreaks, thereby improving aquaculture production. The transition to freshwater can pose a significant threat to organismal growth, immunity, survivability and overall biological processes [5,6]. The ability to minimize the negative effects largely depends on the target species; euryhaline crustacean species (e.g., Penaeus monodon) can provide ideal systems to test these effects [7]
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