Effects of public Open Space on Residential Land Values using GIS based Geostatistical Analysis Reference to Bellanwila-Attidiya Weras Ganga Public Open Space

Examining Changes in the Value of Rural Land in New Zealand between 1989 and 2003

This paper uses valuation data from Quotable Value New Zealand to examine changes in the value of the rural land in New Zealand between 1989 and 2003. The value of rural land reflects the profitability of agriculture as well as the returns to alternative land uses, and has a large impact on the prosperity of rural areas. The paper highlights the importance of both changes in land use and changes in the value of land in different uses in explaining overall changes in land values. It also examines the relationship among productive characteristics of the land, the local climate, various local amenities, and changes in land values and land use to better understand what factors have been driving overall changes in the value of rural land across New Zealand. We find that the real value of rural land in all uses increased substantially over the years being examined. Land use in rural areas also changed considerably during this period, but these changes in land use were essentially uncorrelated with changes in land values. Our regression results indicate that rural land values increased the most in less populated areas with good climates and local amenities. Initial land use also plays an important role in explaining the variation in changes in rural land values with greater increases in land values found in areas with more land initially devoted to urban uses and commercial forestry, and less land initially devoted to horticulture and lifestyle uses.

This paper uses valuation data from Quotable Value New Zealand to examine changes in the value of the rural land in New Zealand between 1989 and 2003. The value of rural land reflects the profitability of agriculture as well as the returns to alternative land uses, and has a large impact on the prosperity of rural areas. The paper highlights the importance of both changes in land use and changes in the value of land in different uses in explaining overall changes in land values. It also examines the relationship among productive characteristics of the land, the local climate, various local amenities, and changes in land values and land use to better understand what factors have been driving overall changes in the value of rural land across New Zealand. We find that the real value of rural land in all uses increased substantially over the years being examined. Land use in rural areas also changed considerably during this period, but these changes in land use were essentially uncorrelated with changes in land values. Our regression results indicate that rural land values increased the most in less populated areas with good climates and local amenities. Initial land use also plays an important role in explaining the variation in changes in rural land values with greater increases in land values found in areas with more land initially devoted to urban uses and commercial forestry, and less land initially devoted to horticulture and lifestyle uses.

According to the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) for the City of Semarang in 2011–2031, the area around Simpang Lima is part of City Area 1, with a function as the Central Business District (CBD). Losch (1954) suggests that the value of a parcel of land tends to decrease if it is away from the central business area. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between changes in land value and the presence of CBD around the Simpang Lima CBD. The methods employed in this study are the calculation of the Average Indicated Value (NIR), analyzing changes in land value in 2012–2023, and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). Based on an analysis of changes in land value for 2012–2023, it shows that the highest change in land value zone for 2012–2018 was in zone 166, with an increase of IDR 20,446,000, and the lowest change in land value was in zone 163, with a decrease of IDR 3,956,000. Meanwhile, the highest change in land value zone for 2018–2023 was in zone 84, with an increase of IDR 28,852,000, and the lowest change in land value was in zone 37, with an increase of IDR 217,000. The results of statistical tests using GWR show that the influence of the distance from the CBD on changes in land values in 2012–2023 is 84%, indicating a high correlation. The results of the T-test performed on each variable indicate that the variables significantly influencing changes in land value are shopping centers and road widths. Shopping centers have a negative correlation. On the other hand, the road width is positively correlation.

Modern cities do not only aim at focusing on economic development solely, but they also need to provide high quality of urban living environment which could achieve social, economic and environmental sustainability. Public open space constitutes an indispensible part in achieving this planning objective. Nevertheless, open space is not a unitary planning concept. It has been being constantly redefined to suit changing social and economic needs. This study investigates the development of land supply and land-use planning of public open space in Hong Kong. It attempts to examine how open space was understood, planned, and provided in different periods in Hong Kong. Open space is presumed to be influenced by the interplay of three main social forces, namely the government, the capitalists, and the people. The interplay of the three forces changes in different periods of time in Hong Kong, resulting in the changing meaning and transformation of open space in the aspects of locations, forms, distributions, and ways of provisions.
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\nMy key arguments are as follows: In the pre-Second World War colonial period, extraction was regarded as the primary objective of the colonial government. Since the colonial atmosphere shared the idea of earning from re-exporting trade and temporal stay, public open space, except for private leisure facilities, was not truly a concern of any of the social groups. While recreational opportunities and open space were still necessary to attract foreign investments and provide political functions, the colonial government provided open space in a residual manner, utilizing urban fringe areas of Victoria City and existing land-uses for open space functions. To maximize the use of open space, though the government was reluctant to provide, open space was utilized for political functions to preach social conforming behaviours and Western lifestyle to the Chinese immigrants as well as to new Chinese generations.
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\nThe post-Second World War open space development was characterized by an expansion of the scope of open space, as well as political reform of the municipal governments and the planning institution. Triggered by the large influx of Chinese refugees that migrated to Hong Kong and the rising population of the local-born Chinese youngsters, elected representatives were introduced to the municipal councils. These elected representatives endeavoured to urge the government to provide open space where available, persuading the government by giving new meanings to open space. The planning institution, however, continued to plan open space in a residual manner. Inspired by the Abercrombie Plan, open space was planned towards the countryside and new forms of open space were introduced to expand the scope of open space.
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\nThe contemporary pattern of public open space is examined by quantitative analyses. Three kinds of open space are examined, namely zoned open space, administered public open space, and public open space within private developments. Results show that large-scale zoned open spaces tend to cluster in urban fringe areas and countryside, whereas zoned open spaces in urban areas tend to be fragmentary. Waterfront and coastal areas, whether in urban or rural areas, are commonly utilized for open space purposes. These findings echo the planning strategy, aiming at shifting open space from the inner urban areas to the urban fringe and rural areas. Administered public open spaces are found to be related to the income level and the ratio of occupational status of a community. The analyses of planning applications further suggest that open space serves as the potential land reserve for various uses instead of being a mere recreational site. Public open spaces within private developments are provided more flexibly compared to conventional public open space in terms of their physical forms and regulations. The manipulations are found to be wittingly introduced by the developers to suit their parochial interests. It is expected that open space will be subject to constant redefinition under further socioeconomic developments and changing compositions of the three social forces.

In spite of a Flemish planning policy that strived the last decennia at conserving the city (or urban areas) and countryside both as functionally and morphologically separable entities and as antipoles, it is observed that due to an unrestrained suburbanisation city and countryside become increasingly interwoven in Flanders. People still reproduce space in these two spatial categories but society and governments are no longer capable in producing this symbolic space in a physical and social way. It is clear that a top-down imposed, uniformising planning discourse is not able to get a grip on present urbanising processes and therefore alternative story-lines are needed. An alternative story line of ‘open space as public space’, points at the societal importance of public space and could be useful in understanding the challenges in present network society. In a context in which almost the entire Flemish space is ‘urban’, open-space-fragments seem to be able to fulfil a role as public space and have to become structuring spatial elements for further urbanisation. Three success factors in (designing) planning the open space seem to have the potential to be a lot more essential to the spatial visioning on open space fragments/rural areas than the current functional delineation of parts of the natural and agricultural structure. At the same time it is clear that multifunctional agriculture (MFA), meeting a broad spectrum of societal demands, is strongly related to the critical success factors for a good functioning of ‘public open space’, not on the reference scale of urban public space but on that of the collective open space at the regional level. A financing construction, which contains three possible alternative financing mechanisms for collective services, has a lot of potential in reinforcing the ‘public open space’. A proactive and offensive role of governments seems crucial in setting up this financing construction.

Environment through the provision of parks and green open spaces (RTH), is carried out area and number of residents spread across the Jambi. urban areas is very necessary. Parks are needed to maintain land availability, as water catchment areas, which can play a role in helping water absorption, so that the supply of water in the ground (water saving) increases and reduces the potential for flooding, by reducing the amount of water runoff. This study used a quantitative descriptive method with research from the Jambi City Statistics Center (BPS). The research was carried out in the Administrative Region of Jambi City. The results of the analysis provision of public green space based on the area need for public green open space in Jambi City is 3,617.50 ha. The available public open space area is around 779.02 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in the area of 2,838.48 ha, and the provision of public green open space based on population according to Minister of Public Works Regulation Number. 5 of 2008 it can be seen that the need for a park area in Jambi City is 1,243.70 ha. The available garden area is approximately 188,388.27 m2 or 18.84 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in area shortage of 1,224.86 ha. Jambi City over the past 13 years (2020-2033) Some strategies Increasing the area of public open space in fulfilling intrinsic and extrinsic functions, socializing the availability of green space functions for life and the environment and Spatial planning that is equal to 20% for public open space from the total area of the city. The area of green open space in Jambi City is only 779.02 ha and is very far from the area of Jambi City which is ± 20,538 ha.

This study addressed factors influencing public open space vandalisation trends and transmutation roots in South-eastern Nigeria. To achieve the aim of the study, the research considered: public open space vandalisation and reasons for vandalising public recreational open spaces. The research adopted field investigations method via case study approach which involved descriptive survey research design through field observation, questionnaire administration and oral interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data research methods were employed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result of the study demonstrated that urban indifference and insensitivity contributed marginally to public recreational open space vandalisation and conversion in the sampled urban areas. Besides, vandalisation contributed immensely to increased loss of interest in public recreation as a result leads to disregard of public recreational open spaces. This prompted a high rate of conversion of public recreational spaces in South-Eastern Nigeria as the management abandoned some of the recreational spaces, with dissuading costs like obesity, boredom and insomnia. To resolve these abnormally, there is the need to engage in spatial services to both monitor and predict future occurrences in the management of public recreational open spaces in South-eastern Nigeria. Besides, the private sector should be encouraged to invest in open space operations in the sampled states. Key Word: Vandalisation, Public Open Space Management, Recreation, Open Space Conversion, Conversion Root

Based on Spatial Planning Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning, Article 29 states that the proportion of public green open space is 20% of the city area. In Tebing Tinggi City, based on the 2013-2033 RTRW of Tebing Tinggi City, it is stated that Public RTH covers an area of ​​approximately 72.49 Ha or 1.89% of the city area, which means it is not in accordance with the mandate of Spatial Planning Law No. 26 2007 concerning Spatial Planning. This research was conducted to assess the availability of existing public green open space in Tebing Tinggi City based on image interpretation techniques, spatial distribution, the area of ​​existing public green open space, the service radius of existing public green open space, and the suitability of existing public green open space land. This type of research uses quantitative research and uses spatial analysis techniques. The results identified as many as 60 public green open spaces in Tebing Tinggi City with an accuracy score of 86.36%, which means that the interpretation is considered correct because the spatial distribution pattern of public green open spaces in Tebing Tinggi City is random because the distribution of public green open spaces is not evenly distributed in all sub-districts in Tebing Tinggi City. From the results of the spatial distribution pattern, digitization was then carried out with the result that the total public open space area was 105.27 Ha, which was dominated by the burial area of ​​59.67 Ha or 57.07%. Then, based on each area of ​​green open space obtained, a topological classification of public green open space is carried out, consisting of 7 typologies of green open space, namely City Forest, City Park, District Park, Village Park, RW Park, RT Park, Cemetery and Green Belt, which is then analyzed. Service radius. As a result, it is known that the City of Tebing Tinggi has not been served optimally by public green open space because there is not yet one type of public green open space typology that is capable of serving the city of Tebing Tinggi based on buffer analysis carried out using ArcGis. The only public green open space whose service radius almost covers the city of Tebing Tinggi is the cemetery whose existing existence is capable of serving 99.19 percent of the area of ​​the city of Tebing Tinggi. Finally, a land suitability analysis was carried out between the existing public green open space and the Tebing Tinggi City RTRW for 2013-2033 which resulted in land suitability of 79.92%. Meanwhile, the remaining 20.08% was designated for areas that were not public green open space.

Abstract. Evaluating residential property prices or land values is quite important for urban planning and government taxation as well. But it is generally difficult to predict land values accurately due to the dynamics of land prices, particularly in urban areas. Urban land values are mostly affected by natural environmental changes and various social and economic factors (Colwell & Munneke, 1997). Also, such socio economic factors are influencing both temporal and spatial aspects of land value, and therefore spatio-temporal clusters of land price changes will show local variations of land values very well. Specifically, the spatio-temporal hot spots might indicate highly increasing demand of lands in the urban area. In those areas, regulation against real estate speculation must be needed from the public perspective because such areas might impact on other area land prices and ultimately national economic status. Therefore, analyzing spatio-temporal aspects of the land price is essential for efficient urban planning and policy making. In this study, we attempt to detect spatio-temporal hot spots which are constantly increasing the value of residential property among real estate. Although there are many types of differently designated lands including such as commercial, agricultural, and lands for other usage, we focus on the residential lands to estimate land values in this research. The reason for this is because residential house price is substantially increasing and becoming one of sensitive issues of Seoul house market. Therefore, poor people or younger generation cannot afford such high housing expenses in Seoul. Also, house transaction data is much larger than other land usage data, and therefore it can be utilized for estimating land values more precisely. From 2011 to 2016, over 1.8 million housing transactions of lease and sale happened in Seoul. This big data on housing lease and sale transactions indicates the value of each location where the transaction occurred. Specifically, we utilize spatial interpolation method including Kriging and differential local Moran’s I approach based on housing transaction data in Seoul. Housing transaction data includes every transaction for sales and leases of the house for the particular period. By applying these methodologies, we can visualize spatio-temporal clusters of highly increasing land prices and interpret significant clusters in terms of social factors. In fact, land price distribution has been widely discussed associated with smart growth and urban development (American Planning Association, 2002; Kaiser et al., 1995). However, most studies have focused on urban development and expansion, rather than the changes in the land price. Moreover, many studies have applied remote sensing approach to analyze urban land expansion (Xiao et al., 2006; Magigi & Drescher, 2010). Notably, Hu et al., (2013) applied IDW to interpolate and estimating land prices with land samples. However, IDW has a shortcoming to interpolate the value which is distant from the sample points. In addition, even studies focusing on the land price have dealt with only one temporal period. From this research gap, we use the ordinary Kriging and differential local Moran’s I to detect and forecast local hot spots of land price changes. This research has conducted the following steps. At the first step, several transactions for the residential area are consolidated into a single land value indicator. Suppose that the residential rent consists of three factors that are housing price (P), deposit (D), and monthly rent (R). Each factor can be transformed into the value index (V) by the transformation formula below. After calculating the land value index from the transformation, the global trend of the value index is overlaid on each period. Figure 1. Shows the mean value index increased from 2011 to 2016. Then, square cells regularly spaced by 100 meters are generated over study area to perform the ordinary Kriging. After the ordinary Kriging, the land value index is assigned to each grid cell. Finally, differential local Moran’s I index is calculated based on the difference that value index change between each year. V = 0.75 * 0.005 * P + 0.005 * D + R As a result, the global trend of land value changes from 2011 to 2016 in Seoul is shown in Figure. 1. The mean value index is increasing constantly. The spatio-temporal hot spots of land price change are found where the value index increment exceeds the average value index increasing over Seoul. As a result, seven clusters are detected (Figure. 2).

This study was conducted against the backdrop of rapid infrastructural development in Nigeria, particularly the construction of the Amansea-Ebenebe-Awba-Ofemili road in Awka North Local Government Area, Anambra State, and its potential influence on land values. Infrastructural projects such as road construction have long been identified as catalysts for changes in land value, urban expansion, and real estate investments, yet little empirical research exists on their localized impacts in semi-urban settings like Ebenebe. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of road construction on land values in Ebenebe between 2014 and 2024. Specifically, the study pursued four objectives: to examine the trend of land value changes before and after road construction, to assess its influence on real estate development, to analyze its impact on different land use types, and to explore the socioeconomic implications for local residents. Data were gathered through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and field observations, involving practicing estate surveyors and valuers. The population for the study consisted of 63 registered real estate professionals in Awka, with a total of 60 valid responses received. For data analysis, a combination of descriptive statistics, paired sample t-tests, ANOVA, and thematic analysis was used. The results revealed a significant increase in land values post-road construction, with average land prices rising from ₦650,000 before construction to ₦2.25 million after, and as high as ₦5.5 million in 2024. The study recommends that policymakers implement inclusive urban planning policies—such as affordable housing schemes and land use zoning—to prevent displacement and ensure equitable benefits for local communities.

This study examined the costs and implications of public recreational open space conversion in South-eastern Nigeria. The study considered the educational status of respondents of the sampled Communities and the costs of public open space conversion in the sampled areas of South-eastern Nigeria as the key objectives. The research adopted the field investigations method via case study approach which involved descriptive survey research design through field observation, questionnaire administration and oral interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data research methods were employed using descriptive and inferential statistics. It was astonishing to discover that the level of interest in recreation and open space activities in the areas under investigation nears zero although the level of education and awareness of recreational facilities is on the increase. Also, there is an increase in environmental costs as a result of the conversion of public recreational open space in South-eastern Nigeria. Costs of public open space conversion from the study area include low property values, increased social vices, loss of urban aesthetics, environmental insecurity and loss of employment opportunities. Public recreational open space conversion has resulted in environmental insecurity, making people more aggressive and antagonistic as a result of frustration and urban aggression which often accompanies insufficient nerves and brain relaxation for a well-directed thought and self-composition. There is therefore the need to make public spaces functional in order to attract increased value, aesthetics, employment, and decreased social vices and environmental insecurity. Therefore, up to 25% of every developable area should be reserved for recreational and open space activities. Keywords: Recreation, Open Space Conversion, Environmental Costs, Costs Implication, Public Open Space

Hedonic modeling is commonly used in land and property value estimations in an attempt to identify the impact that various attributes have on the market value of that property. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors contributing to land value of agricultural, forest, and residential properties in Yamhill County, as part of the Spatial Ecosystem Services Analysis, Modeling, and Evaluation (SESAME, http://www.pdx.edu/ecosystem-services/) project. This paper discusses the process and preliminary results of the development of hedonic models that will be utilized for predicting land value changes under future land conversion scenarios. Applying the models to future scenarios will provide insight into the effect that land conversion will have on market value of land in Yamhill County, in order to elucidate one component of the total land value in the area. Numerous studies have performed hedonic modeling in order to provide greater understanding of the non-market ecosystem service values that are contributing to land values, and it is necessary to have baseline information on the value of environmental attributes in order to identify potential policy and planning activities that can preserve these values. Current methods for assessing the value of non-market ecosystem services are mostly in development stages, with few widely-accepted approaches. Utilizing hedonic modeling and other revealed preference techniques may provide valuable insight into the contribution of nonmarket goods and services, in order to ensure they are adequately accounted for in planning and management decisions. UNDERSTANDING THE DRIVERS OF LAND VALUE ii

BackgroundLow physical activity levels and high levels of sedentary time among adolescents call for population wide interventions. Public open spaces can be important locations for adolescents’ physical activity. This study aimed to describe the prevalence, frequency and context of public open space visitation and to gain insight into the individual, social and physical environmental factors associated with public open space use among 12- to 16-year-old Flemish (Belgian) adolescents.MethodsGlobal positioning system devices, accelerometers and one-on-one interviews were used to measure location-specific activity levels, time spent at, reasons for using and accompaniment at public open spaces among 173 adolescents. Multilevel hurdle and gamma models were used to estimate the associations between the independent variables (age, gender, ethnicity, education, sport club membership and accompaniment) and the amount of time, sedentary time, light-, moderate- to vigorous- and vigorous-intensity physical activity at public open spaces.ResultsThree out of four participants had visited a public open space (for recreational purposes) and participants were most often accompanied by friends/classmates. Mainly public transportation stops/stations were used, and subsequently the most reported reason for public open space use was “to wait for something or someone”. Furthermore, boys, younger adolescents, non-western-European adolescents and lower educated adolescents were more likely to use public open spaces. Additionally, boys and younger adolescents were more likely to accumulate physical activity at public open spaces. The only social environmental variable associated with time spent at public open spaces was accompaniment by siblings: adolescents spent more time at public open spaces when accompanied by their siblings.ConclusionsPublic open spaces may be effective areas to promote physical activity among groups at risk for physical inactivity (i.e. low educated and non-western-European adolescents). Additionally, girls and older adolescents were less likely to visit and be physically active at public open spaces. Therefore, urban planners should consider adding attractive features, in order to encourage physical activity among girls and older adolescents at public open spaces. Furthermore, creating public open spaces that are attractive for youth of all ages could contribute to adolescents visiting public open spaces accompanied by siblings.

Open public spaces are an integral part in sustainable development by enhancing the quality of life through human interaction. The social value that emanates from this interaction within the spaces has been greatly undermined by the economic value of the developments within the country in the recent past. The introductory part of this paper seeks to define public spaces, their value and importance to sustainable real estate. It also attempts to explain the extent to which these spaces have been undermined and the under lying causes for this. The paper further seeks to investigate the conservation techniques applied on the already existent open public spaces in Kenya.The paper presents an analysis of real estate developments in different parts of the city of Nairobi, Kenya. The essence of the analysis is to give a clear depiction of the extent to which public and private developers have incorporated open public spaces in their developments. The paper analyses the legal framework governing the allocation of open public spaces in developments within the country. In addition, it seeks to analyse best use practices in the world over and how this can be replicated in Kenya.The paper concludes by making recommendations on how to incorporate open public spaces in real estate developments and their appropriate conservation methods.