Abstract
This paper investigated the effect of Pr6O11 addition on the acid resistance of ceramic proppant. Acid resistance of proppants can be improved by introducing Pr6O11 into the Al2O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2 (ACMS) system. To illustrate and explain the mechanism of acid resistance, the samples were characterized by different techniques, using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phase structure of the specimens was characterized by XRD and SEM-detected microstructures of the specimens. It was observed that with the increase of rare-earth oxide content, the acid solubility of the specimens decreased, and then increased when it reached the minimum value 0.45 wt %. The results of the research show that the improvement of acid resistance with rare-earth oxides was achieved by refining the grain size, strengthening the grain boundary, and turning Ca2Al2SiO7, in which acid resistance is poor, into CaAl12O19, which possesses better acid resistance, and then enhance the acid resistance of the proppants. Furthermore, Pr6O11 can form a solid solution with Ca2Al2SiO7 and CaAl12O19. The acid resistance of CaAl12O19 improves with the increase of solid solubility. In contrast, the acid resistance of Ca2Al2SiO7 will decrease after Ca2Al2SiO7 forms a solid solution with Pr6O11.
Highlights
Facing the global energy crisis, many countries have to look for alternative energy sources
The purpose of this paper is to reveal the effects of doping with Pr6 O11 on the acid resistance of ceramic proppant
The results indicate that the enhancing of acid resistance can be achieved by doping with a small amount of Pr6 O11
Summary
Facing the global energy crisis, many countries have to look for alternative energy sources. As one of the most important sources, shale gas, which is an unconventional gas contained in rock that must be broken open before the gas can flow to production wells, has already been well-developed during the past decade. The “shale” revolution started in the USA about 10 years ago, and the shale gas and oil revolution has unexpectedly and forcefully begun to change the landscape in the USA. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United State since the start of this century [2]. Shale gas resources have been discovered in many countries [1,2,3]. With the rapid development of the gas industry in
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