Abstract
HypothesisThe coalescence of bare droplets when surface tension dominates always results in one larger spherical droplet. In contrast, droplets coated with particles may be stabilized into non-spherical structures after arrested coalescence, which can be achieved by different approaches, such as changing the particle surface coverage. The size of particles coating the initial liquid marbles can be used to control the coalescence dynamics and the resulting morphology of arrested droplets. ExperimentWe characterized the electrocoalescence of liquid marbles coated with particles ranging from hundred nanometers to hundred micrometers. The electrocoalescence was recorded using high-speed imaging. FindingsWhen the electrocoalescence initiates, particles jam and halt the relaxation of the marbles at different stages, resulting in four possible final morphologies that are characterized using the Gaussian curvature at the neck region. The four regimes are total coalescence, arrested puddle coalescence, arrested saddle coalescence, and non-coalescence. The coalescence is initiated at the center of the contact zone, independent of the particle size. Small particles show little resistance to the coalescence, while marbles coated by large particles demonstrate a viscous-like behavior, indicated by the growth of the liquid bridge and the damping. The present study provides guidelines for applications that involve the formulation of liquid marbles with complex morphologies.
Highlights
Anthropogenic carbonates are pyrotechnological products composed of calcium carbonate, and include wood ash, lime plaster/mortar and hydraulic mortar, in addition to secondary carbonates that arise as a product of weathering a range of globally important industrial residues (Toffolo, 2020)
Anthropogenic sites develop in a tripartite division including proximal, middle and distal zones forming partially analogous geomorphologies
The major geomorphological differences are the dominance of swamp environments in the proximal zone, and the prevalence of tufa-like barrage-a nd-p ool sequences in the middle and distal zones
Summary
Anthropogenic carbonates are pyrotechnological products composed of calcium carbonate, and include wood ash, lime plaster/mortar and hydraulic mortar, in addition to secondary carbonates that arise as a product of weathering a range of globally important industrial residues (Toffolo, 2020). This study reports microbial precipitates (clotted micrite and microbial rim carbonates) (Bastianini et al, 2019), which cannot be presumed to be controlled by the thermodynamic properties of the ambient water mass (Dupraz et al, 2009) These different crystallisation processes may affect where and how quickly calcite forms, and even affect how effectively it sequesters trace elements (Saunders et al, 2014), including harmful pollutants (Burke et al, 2013; Chaurand et al, 2007; Czop et al, 2011; Gomes et al, 2016, 2018; Hobson et al, 2017; Mayes et al, 2011). The organic components associated with the micritic matrix of this facies along with its chemical characteristics (high alkalinity, medium pH and SI) suggest that they come from biologically influenced mineralisation This microfacies corresponds to thin black layers (180– 250 μm thick) of dense micrite characterised by the presence of diverse microbial remains such as biodegraded biofilm or leaf material (Figure S1). These appear to be a secondary phase, infilling and replacing primary fabrics and dispersed within primary materials
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