Abstract
Structural changes in epitaxial ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.84}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.16}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (LSMO) $(001)∕\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(001)$ thin films are studied using x-ray scattering during thermal annealing. As oxygen atoms are incorporated during annealing ex situ in air, the unit-cell volume contracts, which is attributed to the increased ratio of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}$ ions as indicated by enhanced saturation magnetization and ferromagnetic transition temperature. The unit-cell contraction occurs rather abruptly, suggesting that a structural phase transition happens during annealing. A $200\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$-thick film remains almost fully strained even after annealing. In this case, a fourfold structural modulation is observed which accommodates the augmented lattice strain energy.
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