Abstract
Nanofluids are attracting attention as future energy carriers owing to their high performance for improving combustion and heat transfer. In this study, the macroscopic characteristics of nanofluid jets in a subsonic gaseous crossflow were investigated by focusing on the influence of nanoparticle additives on the breakup process. Based on a distribution map of the image grayscale standard deviation, we propose an improved method to process transverse injection shadowgraphs. A simplified model of the transition mechanism from column breakup to surface breakup at a small Weber number was established. The effects of nanoparticles on the jet trajectory and column fracture position were analyzed according to the deviations from the pure liquid. To interpret the effects of the nanoparticles, a new nondimensional parameter was introduced into the empirical correlation of the column fracture position. The results indicated that at low concentrations of nanoparticles, the surface tension of the nanofluids increased slightly, while the viscosity increased significantly (by up to 23%). These changes in the physical properties had little effect on the breakup regimes or jet trajectory. Moreover, the nanoparticles promoted cavitation inside the liquid column, resulting in an additional primary breakup mode for the nanofluids. Consequently, the length of the column fracture was reduced by up to 20% compared with that of the basic fluid.
Highlights
Liquid injection into a subsonic gaseous crossflow has been widely applied to energy and power systems, such as subsonic–combustion ramjets, lean premixed pre-evaporation low-emission burners, and diesel engines [1,2]
Regarding the physical complexities of transverse injection, researchers have provided various useful correlations based on experiments to quantify the primary breakup regime, penetration characteristics, and atomization performance [5]
A series of experiments were performed at room temperature and the atmospheric pressure
Summary
Liquid injection into a subsonic gaseous crossflow has been widely applied to energy and power systems, such as subsonic–combustion ramjets, lean premixed pre-evaporation low-emission burners, and diesel engines [1,2]. Regarding the physical complexities of transverse injection, researchers have provided various useful correlations based on experiments to quantify the primary breakup regime, penetration characteristics, and atomization performance [5]. Several reports have indicated that the Weber number of the crossflow (Weg ) plays a key role in defining nonturbulent primary breakup regimes [6,7]. The most widely used diagram for partitioning the different breakup modes of transverse injection is the Weg –q map, which was proposed by Wu et al in 1997 [1]. Many different correlations based on experimental data have been reported [8,9]. Broumand et al summarized these correlations and proposed two boundary
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