Abstract
Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the essential structure responsible for the immunoadjuvant activity of peptidoglycan, exists in Gram-positive and -negative bacterial walls. MDP synergistically enhances osteoclast formation induced by LPS, IL-1 and TNF-α through RANKL expression in osteoblasts. Nod2-mediated signals appear to be involved in the MDP-induced RANKL expression in osteoblasts.
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