Abstract

Simple SummaryDietary cellulase was found to be an important nutrient, and solid-state fermentation could improve the nutritional value of feed. To study the effects of multi-bacteria solid-state fermented diets and dietary crude fiber levels on finishing pigs, a total of 36 pigs were divided into four treatments: (1) pigs fed a basal diet containing 7.00% CF (HF), (2) pigs fed a basal multi-bacteria fermentation diet containing 7.00% CF (HFM), (3) pigs fed a basal diet containing 2.52% CF (LF), and (4) piglets fed a basal multi-bacteria fermentation diet containing 2.52% CF (LFM). The growth performance, nutrient digestibility and digestion amount, serum biochemical index, and fecal microflora were evaluated. Multi-bacteria solid-state fermentation had a positive effect on the nutrient digestion and serum biochemical indicators, which was contrary to high-fiber diets. Both high-fiber diets and multi-bacteria solid-state fermentation could optimize intestinal flora in finishing pigs.This study aimed to investigate the effects of multi-bacteria solid-state fermented diets with different crude fiber (CF) levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and microbial flora of finishing pigs. The multi-bacteria solid-state fermented diets were made up of Lactobacillus amylovorus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida utilis. According to a 2 (factors) × 2 (levels) design, with the two factors being multi-bacteria solid-state fermentation (fed non-fermented diet or multi-bacteria fermentation) or CF levels (fed a basal diet containing 2.52% CF or 7.00% CF), a total of 36 finishing pigs (70.80 ± 5.75 kg) were divided into 4 treatments with 9 barrows per group: (1) pigs fed a diet containing 7.00% CF (HF), (2) pigs fed a multi-bacteria fermentation diet containing 7.00% CF (HFM), (3) pigs fed a diet containing 2.52% CF (LF), and (4) piglets fed a multi-bacteria fermentation diet containing 2.52% CF (LFM). This experiment lasted 28 days. The multi-bacteria solid-state fermented diet increased the backfat thickness (p < 0.05) and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility (ATTD) of CF, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), 8 amino acids (Trp, Asp, Gly, Cys, Val, Met, Ile, and Leu), total essential amino acids (EAA), total non-essential amino acids (NEEA), and total amino acids (TAA) (p < 0.05). Multi-bacteria solid-state fermented diet increased serum concentrations of HDL-c, ABL, TP, and GLU, the serum enzyme activities of GSH-Px, T-AOC, SOD, and CAT (p < 0.05), the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, and Coprococcus (p < 0.05), and the abundance of YAMINSYN3-PWY, PWY-7013, GOLPDLCAT-PWY, ARGORNPROST-PWY, and PWY-5022 pathways (p < 0.05). The multi-bacteria solid-state fermented diet reduced the digestion amount of CF, NDF, and ADF (p < 0.05), the serum concentrations of TC, TG, LDL-c, BUN, and MDA (p < 0.05), the relative abundance of Streptococcaceae (p < 0.05), and the abundance of PWY-6470, PWY0-862, HSERMETANA-PWY, LACTOSECAT-PWY, MET-SAM-PWY, PWY-6700, PWY-5347, PWY0-1061, and LACTOSECAT-PWY pathways (p < 0.05). The high-fiber diet increased average daily feed intake (p < 0.05), the serum concentrations of TC, TG, LDL-c, BUN, and MDA (p < 0.05), the relative abundance of Clostridiaceae_Clostridium and Coprococcus (p < 0.05), and the abundance of TCA-GLYOX-BYPASS, GLYCOLYSIS-TCA-GLYOX-BYPASS, and PWY-6906 pathways (p < 0.05). The high-fiber diet reduced chest circumference (p < 0.05) and ATTD of ether extract (EE), CF, NDF, ADF, Ca, CP, 18 amino acids (Trp, Thr, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Phe, Lys, His, Arg Asp, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Cys, Tyr, and Pro), EAA, NEAA, and TAA (p < 0.05). The high-fiber diet also reduced the serum concentrations of HDL-c, TP, ABL, and GLU, the serum enzyme activities of T-AOC, GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT (p < 0.05), and the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Oscillospira (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect of the interaction between multi-bacteria fermentation and dietary CF levels, except on the digestion amount of CF (p < 0.05). The 7.00% CF had a negative effect on the digestion of nutrients, but multi-bacteria solid-state fermentation diets could relieve this negative effect and increase backfat thickness. High-fiber diets and multi-bacteria solid-state fermentation improved the diversity and abundance of fecal microorganisms in finishing pigs.

Highlights

  • IntroductionHigh dietary crude fiber (CF) levels usually had a negative impact on feed utilization, such as anti-nutritional factors and the decrease of nutrient digestibility, which was related to the concentration and composition of CF, processing technology, and the animal itself [1]

  • High dietary crude fiber (CF) levels usually had a negative impact on feed utilization, such as anti-nutritional factors and the decrease of nutrient digestibility, which was related to the concentration and composition of CF, processing technology, and the animal itself [1].because of a good tolerance to fibrous feed, the growth rate and nutrient digestibility of Chinese local pig breeds did not change after pigs were fed diets with 7.57%or 9.7% CF [2,3], and finishing pigs could digest and utilize CF better than piglets [4,5]. CF was not called a nutrient and had a certain anti-nutritional effect, it still had nutritional value, especially for hindgut health and intestinal microbes [6]

  • Compared with the 2.52% CF diet, the 7.00% diet significantly reduced the apparent total tract nutrient digestibility (ATTD) and digestion amount of crude protein (CP), CF, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), and amino acids, indicating that the 7.00% CF level exceeded the tolerance of the finishing pigs in this experiment

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Summary

Introduction

High dietary crude fiber (CF) levels usually had a negative impact on feed utilization, such as anti-nutritional factors and the decrease of nutrient digestibility, which was related to the concentration and composition of CF, processing technology, and the animal itself [1]. CF was not called a nutrient and had a certain anti-nutritional effect, it still had nutritional value, especially for hindgut health and intestinal microbes [6]. CF had the benefit of promoting intestine microbiota fermentation in animal, and feeding diets with high fiber levels could increase the relative abundance of probiotic bacteria and promote. Cellulase and xylanase produced via this process could degrade CF in feed and promote the digestion and utilization of CF [9]. Studies had shown that the role of probiotics had genus, species, and strain specificity, and the multibacteria fermentation with synergy would be more effective than a single probiotic [10,11]

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