Effects of milk replacer feeding levels on performance and metabolism of preweaned dairy calves during summer

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of milk replacer (MR) feeding programs on performance and metabolism during summer. At 3 d of age (DOA), calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: control [CON; 0.55 kg dry matter (DM) of a 20% crude protein (CP) and 20% fat MR per day], intermediate (IL; 0.66 kg DM of a 26% CP and 17% fat MR per day), high (HL; 0.77 kg DM of a 26% CP and 17% fat MR per day), or aggressive (AL; 0.87 kg DM of a 26% CP and 17% fat MR per day). Calves were managed similarly and housed in individual polyethylene hutches using sand as a bedding material. Because 3 calves fed the AL diet developed abomasum bloating during the first 30 DOA, the AL treatment was terminated. Milk replacer (12.5% solids) was offered twice daily until 42 DOA, when MR was fed once daily to reduce its intake by 50%. Calves were weaned at 49 DOA and remained in hutches until 56 DOA. Calf starter and water were offered ad libitum. Ambient temperature and relative humidity in and outside the hutches were assessed hourly. Starter and MR intakes were recorded daily. Respiration rate and rectal temperature were determined 3 times each week. Body weight was measured at 3, 14, 28, 42, and 56 DOA. Plasma was collected at 5, 10, 14, 28, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, and 56 DOA for analysis of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, urea nitrogen, and insulin concentrations. There were no treatment effects on starter intake, rectal temperature, or respiration rate. By 7 DOA, calves fed the IL and HL diets consumed the same amount of MR and a higher amount of MR than the CON calves. At wk 2, calves from all treatments had similar MR consumption before returning to the projected intake by design at wk 4. Calves fed the IL and HL treatments had similar body weight but were heavier than those fed the CON diet at wk 6, 7, and 8. Calves fed the IL and HL diets had similar average daily gain, which was higher than that of calves fed the CON diet. There was no difference in plasma metabolites among treatments, but insulin concentration increased as milk allowance increased. In summary, feeding an intermediate level of MR during summer improved calf growth compared with the CON diet, but a higher MR allowance did not support further improvements in calf performance.