Abstract
Background: Salvia officinalis a medicinal plant which is severely affected by weeds competition. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the growth and physiological responses of S. officinalis to some light-dependent herbicides. Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects of oxadiargyl (T), bentazon (B), oxyfluorfen (O), metribuzin (M), phenmedipham+desmedipham (P) at 0.75 (1), 1 (2) and 1.25 (3) rates on growth and physiological parameters of S. officinalis. Results: All herbicides initially caused visual injury to S. officinalis. SPAD values were decreased by all herbicide treatments except for low rate of phenmedipham+desmedipham and oxadiargyl. The relative leaf water content (RLWC) decreased following herbicide treatments except in P1, P2, B1, and B2. Membrane stability index decreased by herbicide treatments however there were no differences among control and P1, P2, B1, B2, O1, O3, M3, T1, T2, and T3. All rates of oxyfluorfen and oxadiargyl, P1, B1 and B2 had no marked effect on the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm). Plant growth was not affected by herbicide treatments probably due to the recovery of the plants at the end of the experiment excepting for metribuzin. Essential oil content increased as the herbicide rate increased based on herbicide type. Conclusions: The results showed that S. officinalis had the ability to recover over time depending on the herbicide type and rate. Results showed that phenmedipham+desmedipham and bentazon are suitable and metribuzin unsuitable herbicides for weeds selective control in S. officinalis.
Highlights
Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a perennial woody sub-shrub native to the Mediterranean region but is cultivated in many parts of the world mainly for use in food, pharmaceutical and perfume industries (Bettaieb et al, 2009)
There were no differences between rate reduction of phenmedipham+desmedipham (P1) and oxadiargyl (T1) but other herbicides significantly reduced the SPAD value compared to the control (Table 3)
Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters showed that herbicides reduced maximum fluorescence (Fm) and increased minimum fluorescence (F0) that lead to a reduction in the maximal efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm)
Summary
Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a perennial woody sub-shrub native to the Mediterranean region but is cultivated in many parts of the world mainly for use in food, pharmaceutical and perfume industries (Bettaieb et al, 2009). Indiscriminate use of nonselective herbicides may lead to adverse effects on the environment and various organisms at different levels of the food chain (Baig et al, 2012). Herbicides lead to disruption in various physiological and biochemical process such as photosynthesis and growth and development of plants, so that the selection of selective herbicides with the lowest impact on the crop and environment is important (Baig et al, 2012). Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects of oxadiargyl (T), bentazon (B), oxyfluorfen (O), metribuzin (M), phenmedipham+desmedipham (P) at 0.75 (1), 1 (2) and 1.25 (3) rates on growth and physiological parameters of S. officinalis. SPAD values were decreased by all herbicide treatments except for low rate of phenmedipham+desmedipham and oxadiargyl. Results showed that phenmedipham+desmedipham and bentazon are suitable and metribuzin unsuitable herbicides for weeds selective control in
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