Abstract
BackgroundCow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most prevalent human food-borne allergies, particularly in infants and young children from developed countries. Our study aims to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) administration on CMA development using whole cow's milk proteins (CMP) sensitized Balb/C mice by two different sensitization methods.MethodsLGG supplemented mice were either sensitized orally with CMP and cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB) as adjuvant, or intraperitoneally (IP) with CMP but without the adjuvant. Mice were then orally challenged with CMP and allergic responses were accessed by monitoring hypersensitivity scores, measuring the levels of CMP-specific immunoglobulins (IgG1, IgG2a and IgG) and total IgE from sera, and cytokines (IL-4 and IFN-γ) from spleen lysates.ResultsSensitization to CMP was successful only in IP sensitized mice, but not in orally sensitized mice with CMP and CTB. Interestingly, LGG supplementation appeared to have reduced cow's milk allergy (CMA) in the IP group of mice, as indicated by lowered allergic responses.ConclusionsAdjuvant-free IP sensitization with CMP was successful in inducing CMA in the Balb/C mice model. LGG supplementation favourably modulated immune reactions by shifting Th2-dominated trends toward Th1-dominated responses in CMP sensitized mice. Our results also suggest that oral sensitization by the co-administration of CMP and CTB, as adjuvant, might not be appropriate to induce CMA in mice.
Highlights
Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most prevalent human food-borne allergies, in infants and young children from developed countries
In the IP group of mice, a moderate level of discomfort was observed among cow’s milk proteins (CMP)-sensitized mice in the CTL+, LGG1 and LGG2 treatment groups, while CTL- mice did not show any visible signs (Figure 2)
There were no significant differences in hypersensitivity scores among mice in the CTL+, LGG1 and LGG2 treatment groups
Summary
Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most prevalent human food-borne allergies, in infants and young children from developed countries. Delayed microbial exposure and/or reduced diversity of the gut microbiota among children have been associated with higher allergy incidences [10]. This concept was first reported by Strachan [11] and later widely known as the ‘hygiene hypothesis’. Whereas the gut microbiota of allergic infants contained higher levels of Clostridia, intestinal Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria were more predominant among healthy infants [12,13] Such findings have triggered considerable scientific interests in probiotics, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, for prevention or treatment of allergies among infants. We used the Balb/C mice model based on its similarity with the human immune system, the Th1 and Th2 responses [17]
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