Abstract
Agriculture is a major source of global greenhouse gas emissions. Approximately 1/3 of vegetables in China are produced in greenhouses. However, the effects of different irrigation strategies and plastic film (PF) mulching combinations on N2O emissions and tomato fruit yields in greenhouses are unclear. The aims of this study were to explore the effects of micro-sprinkler irrigation under plastic film (MSPF), drip irrigation under plastic film (DIPF) and micro-sprinkler irrigation (MSI) on the soil nutrients, enzyme activity, nirS-type denitrifying bacterial community, N2O emissions and fruit yields of tomato. The results showed that MSPF could improve the uniformity of soil water distribution and surface (0–40 cm) soil water content. Film mulching could increase soil temperature at depths of 5–25 cm. Both MSPF and DIPF increased microbial nitrogen, promoted the activity of rhizosphere soil urease and leucine aminopeptidase, changed the community of denitrifying bacteria, accelerated the turnover of soil nutrients and improved yield and water use efficiency. PF mulching had a greater impact on the nirS-type denitrifying bacterial community when compared to irrigation strategy. We conclude that MSPF can be used to configure commercially available installation and operation. The comprehensive benefit of MSPF treatment is that it is more profitable than that of DIPF.
Highlights
The results showed that irrigation strategy and plastic film (PF) mulching had a significant impact on the ACE, Chao richness indices, and Sobs and Shannon diversity indices of the rhizosphere-denitrifying bacteria
The results of this study showed that the micro-sprinkler irrigation under plastic film (MSPF) treatment could significantly increase the soil water content at depths of 0–40 cm during spring and improve the uniformity of soil water in the 0–80 cm soil layer (Figure 2)
We found that the Sobs, Chao and Ace indices of the rhizosphere denitrifying bacteria under the drip irrigation under plastic film (DIPF) and MSPF treatments were significantly higher than those under the micro-sprinkler irrigation (MSI) treatment
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Tomatoes are widely loved by vegetable farmers and consumers due to their high fruit yield, nutrition and good taste [1,2]. In Northern China, most tomatoes are planted in greenhouses. It is well known that soil water is one of the key factors regulating tomato growth in facility agriculture [3]. Water consumption from irrigation accounts for more than 60% of the total water consumption in the Loess Plateau of China [4,5]. The irrigation water for facility agriculture in this area mainly comes from groundwater, further aggravating the water resource crisis [6,7,8]
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