Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of in ovo infusion of probiotic strains (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, and Pediococcus acidilactici ) on jejunal microbial population and mucin gene expression in broiler chicken. In a completely randomized design, 0.5 ml of mediums containing 107 cfu of different probiotic strains, was administered into amniotic fluid of the 480 Cobb fetus (day 18 of incubation), with four treatments, five replicates with twenty four eggs each. For mucin gene expression, samples from the jejunum were taken on day 21 of incubation and day 3 post-hatch. Microbial profile was determined for total lactobacillus and E. coli by sampling jejunal contents on days 1 and 3 of age. Expression of the mucin gene in the jejunum was higher (p 0.05). There were no significant differences among treatments for performance parameters at different periods and the whole period. It was concluded that infusion of probiotic bacteria during the late of incubation has no effect on feed intake, gain and feed conversion ratio, but has a positive effect on mucin gene expression in the jejunum. The best probiotic strain for mucin gene expression was Bacillus subtilis and for beneficiary bacteria colonization was Bacillus subtilis and Pediococcus acidilactici .
Highlights
The application of probiotics as an alternative of antibiotics in nonruminant rations has become necessary. Crawford (1979) reported that probiotics could increase the population of beneficial bacteria and reduce the growth of pathogenic flora in the gastrointestinal tract. Fuller (1989) concluded that probiotics are suitable alternatives for antibiotics as the latter have residues in meat, increase the resistant bacteria and resulted in imbalance of normal microflora
Bacillus subtilis was obtained from Iranian TaqGen Company (Tehran, Iran), Enterococcus faecium was obtained from Biochem Company ( Lohne, Germany) and Pediococcus acidilactici was obtained from Lallemand Inc. (Paris, France)
In ovo infusion of Bacillus subtilis into the amnionic fluid increased the expression of mucin gene on day 21 of incubation and day 3 of post-hatch
Summary
The application of probiotics as an alternative of antibiotics in nonruminant rations has become necessary. Crawford (1979) reported that probiotics could increase the population of beneficial bacteria and reduce the growth of pathogenic flora in the gastrointestinal tract. Fuller (1989) concluded that probiotics are suitable alternatives for antibiotics as the latter have residues in meat, increase the resistant bacteria and resulted in imbalance of normal microflora. Crawford (1979) reported that probiotics could increase the population of beneficial bacteria and reduce the growth of pathogenic flora in the gastrointestinal tract. Fuller (1989) concluded that probiotics are suitable alternatives for antibiotics as the latter have residues in meat, increase the resistant bacteria and resulted in imbalance of normal microflora. The action modes of probiotics, which affect gut function and health in poultry, include maintaining a normal micro-flora and beneficial microbial population by competitive exclusion and antagonism (Fuller, 1989), and improving gut mucin composition and amount (Tsirtsikos et al, 2012). Cukrowska et al (2002) showed that pathogens can be lodged in the chicks intestine and colonize in the first contact with microbes in the hatchery, so it is necessary to inoculate probiotic bacteria before the chick and hen can be in contact Sterzo et al, (2005) reported that bacteria present in the hatchery determine the colonization of beneficial or pathogenic bacteria. Cukrowska et al (2002) showed that pathogens can be lodged in the chicks intestine and colonize in the first contact with microbes in the hatchery, so it is necessary to inoculate probiotic bacteria before the chick and hen can be in contact
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