Abstract
Hypoxia episodes and areas in tumours have been associated with metastatic dissemination and poor prognosis. Given the link between tumour tissue oxygen levels and cellular metabolic activity, we hypothesised that the metabolic profile between metastatic and non-metastatic tumours would reveal potential new biomarkers and signalling cues. We have used a previously established chick embryo model for neuroblastoma growth and metastasis, where the metastatic phenotype can be controlled by neuroblastoma cell hypoxic preconditioning (3 days at 1% O2). We measured, with fibre-optic oxygen sensors, the effects of the hypoxic preconditioning on the tumour oxygenation, within tumours formed by SK-N-AS cells on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos. We found that the difference between the metastatic and non-metastatic intratumoural oxygen levels was small (0.35% O2), with a mean below 1.5% O2 for most tumours. The metabolomic profiling, using NMR spectroscopy, of neuroblastoma cells cultured in normoxia or hypoxia for 3 days, and of the tumours formed by these cells showed that the effects of hypoxia in vitro did not compare with in vivo tumours. One notable difference was the high levels of the glycolytic end-products triggered by hypoxia in vitro, but not by hypoxia preconditioning in tumours, likely due to the very high basal levels of these metabolites in tumours compared with cells. In conclusion, we have identified high levels of ketones (3-hydroxybutyrate), lactate and phosphocholine in hypoxic preconditioned tumours, all known to fuel tumour growth, and we herein point to the poor relevance of in vitro metabolomic experiments for cancer research.
Highlights
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumour in childhood and exhibits a broad spectrum of severity ranging from asymptomatic spontaneous regression to severe systemic illness, metastasis and death
The neuroblastoma hypoxic signature has previously been correlated to patient outcome [7] and we have further demonstrated, utilising the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, that c 2018 The Author(s)
Since we observed that SK-N-AS cell preconditioning in hypoxia for 3 days triggers a metastatic phenotype in tumours [8], we initially aimed to evaluate if the preconditioning could impact the actual tumour oxygenation
Summary
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumour in childhood and exhibits a broad spectrum of severity ranging from asymptomatic spontaneous regression to severe systemic illness, metastasis and death. The occurrence of oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) in solid tumours is associated with cancer progression, treatment resistance and poor clinical outcome. Tumour hypoxia arises from a multifactorial aetiology resulting in O2 levels lower than the 2–9% physiological range found in most human tissues [3,4]. The neuroblastoma hypoxic signature has previously been correlated to patient outcome [7] and we have further demonstrated, utilising the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, that c 2018 The Author(s).
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