Abstract
Grateloupia elliptica (G. elliptica) is a red seaweed with antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant activities. However, the anti-obesity activity of G. elliptica has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the effect of G. elliptica ethanol extract on the suppression of intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells by Oil Red O staining (ORO) was evaluated. Among the eight red seaweeds tested, G. elliptica 60% ethanol extract (GEE) exhibited the highest inhibition of lipid accumulation. GEE was the only extract to successfully suppress lipid accumulation among ethanol extracts from eight red seaweeds. In this study, we successfully isolated chlorophyll derivative (CD) from the ethyl acetate fraction (EA) of GEE by high-performance liquid chromatography and evaluated their inhibitory effect on intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CD significantly suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation. In addition, CD suppressed adipogenic protein expression such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). Taken together, our results indicate that CD from GEE inhibits lipid accumulation by suppressing adipogenesis via the downregulation of adipogenic protein expressions in the differentiated adipocytes. Therefore, chlorophyll from G. elliptica has a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism and it could be utilized as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing obesity.
Highlights
IntroductionAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), worldwide obesity has tripled since 1975 and was first recognized as a disease in 1948 [1]
Obesity has become the most prevalent nutritional problem globally
All the tested samples did not exert cytotoxic effect and significant lipid inhibition was observed in Grateloupia elliptica (GE), Grateloupia lanceolata (GL), Gracilaria verrucosa (GV), Gloiopeltis furcata (GF) and Lomentaria catenata (LC) treated 3T3-L1 cells
Summary
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), worldwide obesity has tripled since 1975 and was first recognized as a disease in 1948 [1]. In 2015, approximately 2.3 billion people were overweight and over 700 million people suffered from obesity around the world [2]. Obesity is associated with complicated metabolic diseases and characterized by high lipid content in the blood and adipocytes as well as inappropriate hormone secretion capacity from adipose tissues [3,4]. Long-lasting overweight and obese conditions induce negative effects on human health [8,9], such as obesity-associated metabolic diseases, including diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease [10,11,12,13]. Several anti-obesity agents have been developed in the medicine and functional food industries. Two available anti-obesity agents, orlistat and sibutramine, which are chemically synthesized, are used for the treatment of obesity [14,15,16]
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