Abstract
Intensive greenhouse vegetable cultivation aggravates continuous cropping, resulting in the disturbance of the microbial community structure and the diversity of the soil matrix. In this study, we evaluated the diversity of the rhizosphere matrix fungi in rotation and continuous cropping systems by using high-throughput sequencing analysis of substrates under 6-years of continuous tomato cropping and rotation with cabbage, bean, or celery in greenhouse pots. The results showed that fungal richness in the Chinese cabbage rotation treatment (B) was significantly lower than that of other treatments, and fungal diversities of treatment B and the bean rotation treatment (D) were significantly lower than that of continuous tomato cropping (CK). Contrastingly, the celery rotation treatment (Q) increased the fungal diversity and richness. Furthermore, a principal coordinate analysis showed that the fungal soil community structure of each rotation treatment was different from that of CK. The relative abundances of several harmful fungi (such as Pseudogymnoascus, Gibberella, and Pyrenochaeta) in control CK were significantly higher than those in rotation treatments. In addition, the matrix electrical conductivity, organic matter, total K, and available P in treatments B and D were significantly higher than those in control CK. Moreover, pH and total N of treatment Q were significantly higher than those of control CK. Most fungi were positively correlated with organic matter and available P and negatively correlated with pH. Therefore, rotation with celery could improve the abundance and diversity of fungi in continuous tomato cropping substrates and reduce the relative abundance of harmful fungi. These results indicated that the rotation of celery and tomato could effectively maintain the ecological balance of the substrate microenvironment and provide a more effective way to prevent the problems of continuous tomato cropping in greenhouse.
Highlights
Continuous cultivation of greenhouse tomatoes lead to soil acidification and salinization, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of vegetable production in sunlight greenhouses (Liu et al, 2014)
With increasing years of continuous cropping, the soil organic matter, total N, available P, available K, and alkali-soluble N contents all showed a continuous downward trend (Li et al, 2017), while crop rotation or intercropping can effectively alleviate the soil nutrient decline and imbalance caused by single crop continuous cropping (Latif et al, 1992; Long et al, 1999)
Our results showed that substrate EC, organic matter, total K, and available P were significantly higher after rotation with cabbage and kidney bean than in continuous tomato cropping (Table 1), which indicated that the rotation of Chinese cabbage or bean could change the physical and chemical properties of the substrate of continuous cropping of tomato and significantly improve the nutrient supply of the substrate of continuous cropping of tomato
Summary
Continuous cultivation of greenhouse tomatoes lead to soil acidification and salinization, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of vegetable production in sunlight greenhouses (Liu et al, 2014). Rotation Changes Fungal Community matrix might be affected after years of continuous cultivation, and substrates need to be replaced continuously, which would cause a large consumption of human and material resources. Van Assche and Vangheel (1993) found that the substrate of continuous cultivation was produced pathogenic bacteria, which caused plant diseases. The pathogens of soil-borne diseases presented in plants include fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, and nematodes, among which fungi are often dominant; for example, Fusarium oxysporum caused Fusarium wilt in Solanaceae. It is of great significance to study the changes of the fungal community in the nutrient matrix after rotation of different vegetables in order to explore the ways to prevent and control continuous cropping obstacles in tomatoes
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