Abstract
The improvement of peri-implant epithelium (PIE) adhesion to titanium (Ti) may promote Ti dental implant stability. This study aims to investigate whether there is a positive effect of Ti hydrothermally treated (HT) with calcium chloride (CaCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), and strontium chloride (SrCl2) on promoting PIE sealing. We analyzed the response of a rat oral epithelial cell (OEC) culture and performed an in vivo study in which the maxillary right first molars of rats were extracted and replaced with calcium (Ca)-HT, zinc (Zn)-HT, strontium (Sr)-HT, or non-treated control (Cont) implants. The OEC adhesion on Ca-HT and Zn-HT Ti plates had a higher expression of adhesion proteins than cells on the Cont and Sr-HT Ti plates. Additionally, the implant PIE of the Ca-HT and Zn-HT groups revealed better expression of immunoreactive laminin-332 (Ln-322) at 2 weeks after implantation. The Ca-HT and Zn-HT groups also showed better attachment at the implant–PIE interface, which inhibited horseradish peroxidase penetration. These results demonstrated that the divalent cations of Ca (Ca2+) and Zn (Zn2+)-HT improve the integration of epithelium around the implant, which may facilitate the creation of a soft barrier around the implant to protect it from foreign body penetration.
Highlights
Titanium (Ti) dental implants are becoming more widely used in edentulous treatments
The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the hydrothermal treatment of Ti with the divalent cations of Ca, Zn, and Sr for epithelial tissue sealing and resistance to exogenous penetration
Another study demonstrated that the hydroxyl groups the adhesion protein can be promoted on a hydrophilic surface through the attachment of hydroxyl of the Ti surface could significantly enhance protein adsorption [29]
Summary
Titanium (Ti) dental implants are becoming more widely used in edentulous treatments. Successful oral implant treatments depend on bone contact and the seal between the implant and surrounding gingival tissue [1]. A solid seal between the implant surface and epithelium is necessary to prevent bacterial invasion [2]. A previous study reported that the cell adhesion for epithelial sealing could be affected by different topographies of the implant surface [3]. Hemidesmosome (HD), a multi-protein complex, is a crucial cell adhesion structure that could enable the stable adhesion of epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane [4,5]. HDs containing laminin-332 (Ln-332) in the basement membrane play a key defensive role against peri-implant tissue breakdown [6,7]. Ln-332 could associate intracellularly with plectin, which interacts, in succession, with the keratin filament system [8]
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