Abstract
Simple SummaryMany countries have banned the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), which negatively affect weanling piglets’ growth performance and health. Therefore, it would be valuable to find eco-friendly and non-antibiotic alternatives to AGPs and to evaluate their effects. However, limited information is available on Clostridium butyricum applied in weanling piglets. In this study, the results showed that Clostridium butyricum administration have positive effects on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology, and microbial balance. In conclusion, Clostridium butyricum can be used as a potential alternative to AGPs in weanling piglets.This study investigated the effects of Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) use on growth performance, serum immunity, intestinal morphology, and microbiota as an antibiotic alternative in weaned piglets. Over the course of 28 days, 120 piglets were allocated to four treatments with six replicates of five piglets each. The treatments were: CON (basal diet); AGP (basal diet supplemented with 0.075 g/kg chlortetracycline, 0.055 g/kg kitasamycin, and 0.01 g/kg virginiamycin); CBN (basal diet supplemented with normal dosage of 2.5 × 108 CFU/kg C. butyricum); and CBH (basal diet supplemented with high dosage of 2.5 × 109 CFU/kg C. butyricum). Body weight (BW) and feed consumption were recorded at the beginning and on days 14 and 28 of the experiment, and representative feed samples and fresh feces were collected from each pen between days 26 and 28. Average fecal score of diarrhea was visually assessed each morning during the experimental period. On the morning of days 14 and 28, blood samples were collected to prepare serum for immune and antioxidant parameters measurement. One male piglet close to the average group BW was selected from each replicate and was slaughtered on day 21 of the experiment. Intestinal crypt villi, and colonic microbiota and its metabolites short-chain fatty acids were measured. Compared to the CON group, the CBN and AGP groups significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the ratio of feed to weight gain by 8.86% and 8.37% between days 1 and 14, 3.96% and 13.36% between days 15 and 28, 5.47% and 11.44% between days 1 and 28. Dietary treatment with C. butyricum and AGPs significantly decreased the average fecal score during the experimental period (p < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and total carbohydrates in the CBH group were higher respectively at 3.27%, 2.90%, and 2.97%, than those in the CON or AGP groups (p < 0.05). Compared to the CON group, the CBH group significantly increased short-chain fatty acids in colon and villus height in the jejunum (p < 0.05). The CBN group had higher serum levels of immunoglobulins, interleukin 2 (IL-2), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity, but lower serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6, and a lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) activity (p < 0.05), while compared to the CON group. Dietary treatment with C. butyricum significantly increased the relative abundance of Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05). In summary, diet with C. butyricum increased the growth performance and benefited the health of weaned piglets.
Highlights
Weaning stress can cause dynamic dysbiosis of the microbiota, dyspepsia, retardation of performance, and even death in piglets [1,2], which can result in huge economic losses in livestock production
1 Dietary treatments: CON = basal diet; antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) = basal diet supplemented with 0.075 g/kg chlortetracycline, 0.055 g/kg kitasamycin, and 0.01 g/kg virginiamycin; CBN = basal diet supplemented with 2.5 × CFU/kg C. butyricum; CBH = basal diet supplemented with 2.5 × CFU/kg C. butyricum
The present study demonstrated that C. butyricum supplementation significantly increased feed efficiency and average fecal score in weaned piglets, which was as effective as AGPs
Summary
Weaning stress can cause dynamic dysbiosis of the microbiota, dyspepsia, retardation of performance, and even death in piglets [1,2], which can result in huge economic losses in livestock production. Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used as feed additives to prevent weaning-associated disorders, including an increase in harmful microbial activity and post-weaning diarrhea in weaned piglets [3,4]. Union has prohibited the use of AGPs in animal feed since January 2006. Given the trend of banning the use of AGPs as feed additives, it is of high priority to find eco-friendly and effective alternatives to AGPs to compensate for the resulting decrease in animal growth performance
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