Abstract
Background: An urgent need exists for evidence-based dietary guidance early in life, particularly regarding protein intake. However, a significant knowledge gap exists in the effects of protein-rich foods on growth and development during early complementary feeding.Methods: This is a randomized controlled trial of infant growth and gut health (primary outcomes). We directly compare the effects of dietary patterns with common protein-rich foods (meat, dairy, plant) on infant growth trajectories and gut microbiota development (monthly assessments) during early complementary feeding in both breast- and formula-fed infants. Five-month-old infants (up to n = 300) are randomized to a meat-, dairy-, plant-based complementary diet or a reference group (standard of care) from 5 to 12 months of age, with a 24-month follow-up assessment. Infants are matched for sex, mode of delivery and mode of feeding using stratified randomization. Growth assessments include length, weight, head circumference and body composition. Gut microbiota assessments include both 16S rRNA profiling and metagenomics sequencing. The primary analyses will evaluate the longitudinal effects of the different diets on both anthropometric measures and gut microbiota. The secondary analysis will evaluate the potential associations between gut microbiota and infant growth.Discussion: Findings are expected to have significant scientific and health implications for identifying beneficial gut microbial changes and dietary patterns and for informing dietary interventions to prevent the risk of overweight and later obesity, and promote optimal health.Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT05012930.
Highlights
Undesired growth patterns during infancy, namely rapid weight gain or excessive weight gain relative to length, are strongly associated with childhood obesity [1, 2]
Complementary feeding represents the progressive introduction of solid foods between 5 and 12 months of age as infants no longer rely solely on breastmilk or formula
Multiple observational and randomized controlled trials [5,6,7] have evaluated protein content in liquid diet and most studies observed a lower-protein content in infant formula led to less weight gain and lower weight-for-length Z scores (WLZ)
Summary
Undesired growth patterns during infancy, namely rapid weight gain or excessive weight gain relative to length, are strongly associated with childhood obesity [1, 2]. Multiple observational and randomized controlled trials [5,6,7] have evaluated protein content in liquid diet (i.e., infant formula) and most studies observed a lower-protein content in infant formula led to less weight gain and lower weight-for-length Z scores (WLZ). These findings at least partially contributed to the recommendations of reducing protein intake during complementary feeding [8]. A significant knowledge gap exists in the effects of protein-rich foods on growth and development during early complementary feeding
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