Abstract
Hydrodeoxygenation is an essential process for producing liquid transportation fuels. In this study, the effects of CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts form and loading ratio on the hydrodeoxygenation upgrading of bio-oil were investigated in a batch reactor. Raw bio-oil was first oxidized with hydrogen peroxides and oxone to obtain the oxidized bio-oil with reduced levels of aldehydes and ketones, increasing the organic liquid yield during hydrodeoxygenation by suppressing the coke formation. CoMo/γ-Al2O3 was selected as the catalyst because of its low cost and commercial availability. The effect of the reduction and sulfidation of CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst on the hydrodeoxygenation of the oxidized bio-oil was compared. The effect of the catalyst loading ratio on bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation using sulfided CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts was also investigated. The research results showed that the sulfided CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst facilitated the formation of hydrocarbons, while the reduced CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst produced more phenols in the organic liquids. Moreover, a high sulfided catalyst loading ratio promoted the formation of hydrocarbons.
Highlights
IntroductionPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
Organic liquids were all produced from the hydrodeoxygenation of oxidized bio-oil
We studied the influence of reduced and sulfided CoMo/γ-Al2 O3 catalysts as well as sulfided CoMo/γ-Al2 O3 catalyst-loading ratio on the hydrodeoxygenation of oxidized bio-oil
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rapid industrialization and population growth have caused severe environmental issues such as global warming, clean water crisis, and resource depletion [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. To achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, the development of bio-based materials and bioenergy as an alternative to fossil-based materials and energies has been attracting researchers’ interest [9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Due to its carbon value, abundance, and renewability, lignocellulosic biomass is a potential resource for biofuel and biochemical production via thermochemical conversion technologies such as high-pressure liquefaction and atmospheric slow/fast pyrolysis, as well as further hydroprocessing [16,17]
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