Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation on salivary immunity after exercise at a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Fifteen volunteers performed exercise of 70% of VO2peak until exhaustion and were divided into three groups: hypoxia placebo, hypoxia 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min), and hypoxia after six days glutamine (20 g/day) and 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min). All procedures were randomized and double-blind. Saliva was collected at rest (basal), before exercise (pre-exercise), immediately after exercise (post-exercise), and two hours after exercise. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test were performed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. SaO2% reduced when comparing baseline vs. pre-exercise, post-exercise, and after recovery for all three groups. There was also a reduction of SaO2% in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for the hypoxia group and an increase was observed in pre-exercise vs. recovery for both supplementation groups, and between post-exercise and for the three groups studied. There was an increase of salivary flow in post-exercise vs. recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) decreased from baseline vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Glutamine group. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) increased from post-exercise vs. after recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Reduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was observed from baseline vs. post-exercise and after recovery for the Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group; a lower concentration was observed in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise and recovery. TNF-α had a reduction from baseline vs. post-exercise for both supplementation groups, and a lower secretion between baseline vs. recovery, and pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Five hours of hypoxia and exercise did not change IgA. Carbohydrates, with greater efficiency than glutamine, induced anti-inflammatory responses.
Highlights
Mucosal immunity, in saliva, is considered the first line of defense against pathogens, because it contains numerous protective proteins
Reduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was observed from baseline vs. post-exercise and after recovery for the Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group; a lower concentration was observed in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise and recovery
Intense exercise causes a reduction in Immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels [13] and increases inInterleukin-1 ß (IL-1ß), Tumoral Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 concentrations [2], resulting in poor performance of the immune function of the mucous membranes, increasing the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), and the emergence of other opportunistic diseases [14]
Summary
In saliva, is considered the first line of defense against pathogens, because it contains numerous protective proteins. It is observed that exercise may modulate mucosal immunity under normal atmospheric pressure, but when exercise takes place in high altitude, it becomes a greater challenge for the body, since hypoxia and exercise are considered stressors that can act together Evidence suggests that this combination may result in a more pronounced impact on the immune function of the oral mucosa and may trigger an intense immunosuppression [15,16]. It has been shown that carbohydrate and glutamine supplements can be used isolated as a strategy to reverse the deteriorating mucosal immunity after strenuous exercise at sea level [23,27], the combined effect of both supplements is still not clarified. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation on oral mucosal immunity after exercise at a simulated altitude of 4500 m
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