Effects of Calcination Temperature on CO-Sensing Mechanism for NiO-Based Gas Sensors

Abstract

NiO-sensitive materials have been synthesized via the hydrothermal synthesis route and calcined in air at 400 °C and, alternatively, at 500 °C. Structural, morphological, and spectroscopic investigations were involved. As such, the XRD patterns showed a higher crystallinity degree for the NiO calcined at 500 °C. Such an aspect is in line with the XPS data indicating a lower surface hydroxylation relative to NiO calcined at 400 °C. An HRTEM microstructural investigation revealed that the two samples differ essentially at the morphological level, having different sizes of the crystalline nanoparticles, different density of the surface defects, and preferential faceting according to the main crystallographic planes. In order to identify their specific gas-sensing mechanism towards CO exposure under the in-field atmosphere, the simultaneous evaluation of the electrical resistance and contact potential difference was carried out. The results allowed the decoupling of the water physisorption from the chemisorption of the ambient oxygen species. Thus, the specific CO interaction mechanism induced by the calcination temperature of NiO has been highlighted.