Effects of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin mixture on immunity and stress in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Seung Min Kim,Mun-Gyeong Kwon,Da Won Lee,Lyu Jin Jun,Soon Jeong Lee,You Jeong Kim,Sung Ho Lee,You Young Jeong,Joon Bum Jeong,Hyun Kyung Park

doi:10.1186/s41240-020-00171-w

Abstract

BackgroundThe study evaluated the effects of a butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin mixture on the immune system and stress in olive flounders, Paralichthys olivaceus.MethodsThe mixture was intramuscularly injected into olive flounders at the current recommended dose. Furthermore, to determine the toxicity of overdose, a histological examination was performed after injection of 1-, 2-, and 4-fold higher than the recommended dose.ResultsImmunity parameters were altered during the first 2 weeks after a single intramuscular injection of the mixture in olive flounders (average weight 20.5 ± 1.1 g). The levels of all tested items, except glutathione and anti-protease, were higher in the treated group than in the control group in the first week; the levels of all tested items were even higher in the second week in the treated group than in the control group. The level of nitro-blue tetrazolium, myeloperoxidase, and superoxide dismutase between the two groups differed significantly. Changes in the stress response to different seawater temperatures (increase or decrease in seawater temperature by 3–5 °C using 50 L heated or cooled seawater tanks) were studied by determining the changes in cortisol and glucose levels on days 1 and 7. Both cortisol and glucose levels were significantly lower in the treated group than in the control group. Histological analysis did not reveal any abnormalities after intramuscular injection of the mixture at doses that were 1-, 2-, and 4-fold higher than the recommended dose.ConclusionsIntramuscular injection of a butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin mixture is safe and effective in reducing stress and improving immunity in olive flounders.

Highlights

The study evaluated the effects of a butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin mixture on the immune system and stress in olive flounders, Paralichthys olivaceus
The values of all these immunity markers were higher in the second week than in the first week, with higher values being observed in the butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin aquaculture drug mixture (BPC) group than in the control group for all markers
Reduction of stress caused by changes in seawater temperature Significantly lower levels of cortisol and glucose were found in the BPC group than in the control group (Fig. 2)

Summary

Introduction

The study evaluated the effects of a butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin mixture on the immune system and stress in olive flounders, Paralichthys olivaceus. Most domestic fish farms of olive flounder are set up by using running water at the natural water temperature. The butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin aquaculture drug mixture (BPC) is being used in domestic fish farms to reduce stress and improve growth and immunity and, to reduce the negative effects of the environment. BPC has been used widely in the livestock industry (e.g., for the production of cattle and pigs) and reported to improve liver function, tissue regeneration, and absorption of nutrients by increasing hematogenesis (Flasshoff 1974) and reduce stress by lowering the cortisol concentration (Deniz et al 2009). Research on the effects of BPC in fish is scant

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Conclusion