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Abstract
Jade, a popular gemstone symbolizing beauty, grace, and longevity, is known to improve blood circulation; however, scientific research evidence is still lacking. The effect of black jade extract on the expression levels of apoptotic and osteogenic genes was validated using qPCR and flow cytometry. In combination with the use of a fluorescence microscope, osteogenic differentiation and the stained osteocytes count were analyzed. Under the pressure of benzo(a)pyrene, dermal cell apoptosis was accelerated and the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) was suppressed; but black jade extract counteracted the effects. Through an anti-apoptotic mechanism, the extract suppressed the expression of apoptotic proteins Bax and cytochrome C to 9 and 4.8 times, respectively, compared to that in dermal cells exposed to benzo(a)pyrene. During osteogenic differentiation of ASCs, the extract enhanced their differentiation despite being exposed to benzo(a)pyrene, and the relative levels of the osteoblast differentiation markers osteoponin, osteocalcin, and sclerostin were 1.87, 2.54, and 3.9 times higher, respectively, than those in the conditioned medium by benzo(a)pyrene. These effects of the extract indicate that black jade extract is very useful when applied as a functional biomaterial.
Highlights
Jade is a popular gemstone known for its discrete and luster characteristics expressed in green, white, black, gray, orange, violet, and yellow [1,2,3]
This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of black jade extract on dermal cells under benzo(a)pyrene stress and the altered osteogenic differentiation in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using activated fibroblast cells
We supposed that the extract and benzo(a)pyrene inducing supernatants (ES and BPS) from fibroblast cells are effective in the osteogenic differentiation of ASCs localized in subcutaneous tissue
Summary
Jade is a popular gemstone known for its discrete and luster characteristics expressed in green, white, black, gray, orange, violet, and yellow [1,2,3]. The gemstone is found in many countries, and its mineral composition is determined by the contents of nephrite (Ca2 (Mg,Fe) Si8 O22 (OH) Si2 O6 ) and jadeite (Na(Al,Fe)Si2 O6 ) [1,2]. The oxide composition in black jade has a 105% difference in jadeite, and black jade from Indonesia, in particular, contains high oxide compounds such as SiO2 (39.6%). Benzo(a)pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is a byproduct formed during incomplete combustion of organic matter such as meat grilling and tobacco smoking, and is released as fine particles [4]. With increasing atmospheric fine particles, a high concentration of benzopyrene has led to increased thermal stress, causing a high prevalence of dermal inflammatory diseases including atopy, acne, eczema, perivascular dermatitis, nodular, and diffuse dermatitis [5]. Exposure to benzo(a)pyrene induces DNA damage in various cells, leading to the overexpression of p53 and p21 proteins and reduced cell viability and increasing cellular apoptosis [6]
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