Abstract
Effects of beam wobbling and target rotation on reducing target temperature are quantitatively considered with simulations and calculations. These manipulations with the beam and target reduce sharpness in the beam-density distribution, making it quasiuniform on the target surface. A uniform beam density is essential in prolonged experiments on the synthesis of superheavy nuclei using intense heavy-ion beams and actinide targets. The heavy-ion beam energy partially absorbed by the target and target backing heats them and transfers warmth to the surrounding by different means. The target temperature was initially considered for a stationary target using notions of heat transfer due to the thermal conductivity, radiation emission, and heat removal to dilute gas surrounding the target. The effects of the beam width, the amplitude of the wobbler, and the rotating target velocity on the beam-density distribution across the target surface and, consequently, on its temperature are further estimated with the same notions.
Highlights
Complete fusion reactions induced by the 48Ca projectile on actinide target nuclei allowed one to synthesize superheavy nuclei (SHN) with 112 ≤ Z ≤ 118 [1]
In the Dubna discovery experiments, the 48Ca beam delivered to the target had the intensity of ∼1pμA that allowed one to obtain several atoms of SHN per month at the production cross section of a few pb and the efficiency provided by the Dubna gas-filled recoil separator (DGFRS) used in experiments [1,2]
The effects of target rotation and beam wobbling on the temperature load produced by an intense HI beam were quantitatively considered
Summary
Complete fusion reactions induced by the 48Ca projectile on actinide target nuclei allowed one to synthesize superheavy nuclei (SHN) with 112 ≤ Z ≤ 118 [1]. In the Dubna discovery experiments, the 48Ca beam delivered to the target had the intensity of ∼1pμA that allowed one to obtain several atoms of SHN per month at the production cross section of a few pb and the efficiency provided by the Dubna gas-filled recoil separator (DGFRS) used in experiments [1,2] In these experiments, the actinide targets of 0.3–0.8 mg=cm of thickness were deposited on Ti backing foils of 0.71–0.73 mg=cm of thickness and maintained on a rotating wheel. Calculations show that increasing the target wheel radius and rotation velocity allows one to reduce the average temperature of the target and the difference between its maximal and minimal values [8,12,16] These calculations were performed with the uniform beam-density distribution throughout the beam spot area. The last section summarizes the efforts undertaken in the present work
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