Effects of averaging on energy dependence of backward-angle heavy-ion cross sections: Calculations of "de-averaged" excitation functions

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The averaging over a small angular range involved in the measurement of excitation functions for heavy-ion scattering is shown to have a drastic effect on the energy dependence of the backward-angle cross sections. A simple analytic method is described by which the measured data can be de-averaged to determine the true 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} excitation functions.