Abstract
BackgroundDiet has a great impact on the risk of developing features of metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We evaluated whether a long-term healthy Nordic diet (ND) can modify the expression of inflammation and lipid metabolism-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in individuals with MetS.MethodsA Nordic multicenter randomized dietary study included subjects (n = 213) with MetS, randomized to a ND group or a control diet (CD) group applying an isocaloric study protocol. In this sub-study, we included subjects (n = 89) from three Nordic centers: Kuopio (n = 26), Lund (n = 30), and Oulu (n = 33) with a maximum weight change of ±4 kg, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration ≤10 mg L−1, and baseline body mass index <39 kg m−2. PBMCs were isolated, and the mRNA gene expression analysis was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We analyzed the mRNA expression changes of 44 genes before and after a 2hOGTT at the beginning and the end of the intervention.ResultsThe healthy ND significantly down-regulated the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), interleukin 18 (IL18), and thrombospondin receptor (CD36) mRNA transcripts and significantly up-regulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) mRNA transcript after the 2hOGTT compared to the CD.ConclusionsA healthy ND is able to modify the gene expression in PBMCs after a 2hOGTT. However, more studies are needed to clarify the biological and clinical relevance of these findings.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-016-0521-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Diet has a great impact on the risk of developing features of metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
Characteristics of the subjects At baseline, no differences were observed between the control diet (CD) and Nordic diet (ND) groups related to age, BMI, serum lipids, glucose, insulin, circulating inflammation markers, lipidlowering drugs, antihypertensive drugs, smoking, and MetS (Table 1)
In the present study, we found that the healthy ND modulated the mRNA levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), interleukin 18 (IL18), CD36 molecule (CD36), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) differently after the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) compared to the CD
Summary
Diet has a great impact on the risk of developing features of metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We evaluated whether a long-term healthy Nordic diet (ND) can modify the expression of inflammation and lipid metabolism-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in individuals with MetS. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (Alberti et al 2009). Diet has a great impact on the risk of MetS, T2DM, and CVD (Alberti et al 2009; Mozaffarian et al 2011). In the SYSDIET study, we showed that an isocaloric healthy ND improved the lipid profile, low-grade inflammation, and ambulatory blood pressure among subjects with MetS (Uusitupa et al 2013; Brader et al 2014). No changes in glucose metabolism were observed since it may be difficult to improve glucose metabolism in established MetS without attendant weight loss and very distinct changes in the diet (Uusitupa et al 2013)
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