Abstract
Abstract This study asses the effectiveness of classroom-based bridge resource management (BRM) training for junior naval officers, in which general principles of human behaviour and performance in teams and under stress were conveyed. Although BRM training is recommended by the International Maritime Organization and is increasingly common in seafaring, very little is known about whether the adaptation of crew resource management (CRM) training from aviation to the maritime domain has been successful and what type of training is effective. A study with a quasi-experimental, two-factorial mixed design was conducted with BRM training as the between factor and time as the within factor. For 117 study participants, evaluation criteria were assessed on all levels as defined by Kirkpatrick (Train Dev J, 178–192 1979): subjective training evaluation, knowledge, attitudes and behaviour as well as performance while commanding a vessel during a real-world exercise. BRM participants showed better subjective training evaluations and more BRM-related knowledge than controls. Training did not produce differences between groups regarding BRM-related attitudes, the demonstration of non-technical skills or the overall success in the real-world exercise. Overall, BRM training effectiveness was rather low, which can most probably be attributed to the focus of training on generalizable knowledge, skills and attitudes at the expense of their specific application to the context of the real-world exercise. In the design of BRM and CRM training courses alike, the effective application of general principles to a given context must be defined, and the application must be emphasised during training delivery.
Highlights
With the increasing number of work teams controlling complex technical systems in modern industries, enhancing team performance by means of team training became a major concern in many organizations (Salas et al 2008)
One kind of training that emerged with the increasing need for team training in high technology domains is crew resource management (CRM) training
A higher effectivity of bridge resource management (BRM) training as compared to the standard training was found on the level of reactions and learning criteria: the BRM course significantly increased BRM-related knowledge in the experimental group and was rated to be more interesting and relevant as well as better organised and presented than the standard course
Summary
With the increasing number of work teams controlling complex technical systems in modern industries, enhancing team performance by means of team training became a major concern in many organizations (Salas et al 2008). One kind of training that emerged with the increasing need for team training in high technology domains is crew resource management (CRM) training. The purpose of CRM training is to impart knowledge and skills that are, in addition to technical expertise, necessary to accomplish the tasks of a team safely and successfully. Crew resource management training originated in aviation (Helmreich et al 1999) and is mandatory for commercial pilots in many countries, including the European Union (European Commission 2012) and the United States of America (Federal Aviation Administration 2013). The idea and concepts of CRM training have been transferred and adapted to other areas of teamwork in high-risk domains, such as seafaring, nuclear power production, offshore oil and gas production, the military and, above all, healthcare (Flin et al 2003)
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