Abstract
Based on paralyzed and death time, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were preliminarily investigated for possible biological effectiveness of anthelmintic activity on Pheretima Posthuma. After synthesizing ZnO NPs by low-temperature precipitation method with slight modification, size, morphology, and shape evaluation of these nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and annealing temperature in the range 400-700C. In this anthelmintic assay, the paralyzed time (PT) was gradually shorter with the increase of the sample concentration, for instance, when high concentration (40mg/ml) sample was applied on adult worms the paralyzed time was 35.6 minutes only. The death time (DT) was 450 and 80 minutes when the sample concentration was 20 and 40 mg/ml respectively. These results were compared with albendazole as a reference showed PT and DT 378.6 and 402.3 minutes respectively, and showed maximum dose-dependent anthelmintic activity. Finally, at higher concentration paralytic effect (PE) was showed much earlier and subsequently, it is important to note that the time taken for death observation was shorter.
Highlights
The field of technological application of nanoparticles called nanotechnology plays a significant role directly or indirectly in human civilization, which encompasses science, engineering, and the technology involves nanometer-sized materials and devices and systems at the nano-size level
Last decade researchers tried to establish different synthesis methods and recently different modified synthesis techniques have been established for zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs such as chemical vapor transport (CVT) techniques[20,21], sol-gel method[22], direct precipitation and coprecipitation synthesis[23-25], sonochemical or microweb assisted synthesis[26,27], RF plasma synthesis[28], hydrothermal process[29] etc
Different medicine has been progressed from the last decade by scientists, pharmacists, and doctors to treat this. In this big issue, the availability of effective medicine can fight to solve the crisis 30 In this investigation, we evaluated the antihelminthic activity of ZnO NPs against Pheretima posthuma in which paralyzed time as well as mortality time activity was marked perfectly to understand the result with the ZnO NPs
Summary
The field of technological application of nanoparticles called nanotechnology plays a significant role directly or indirectly in human civilization, which encompasses science, engineering, and the technology involves nanometer-sized materials and devices and systems at the nano-size level. Various steps, complicated equipment, and high temperature are normally required for these methods, but on the contrary, most cost-effective, simple and easy to make a change in a specific size and able to be scaled in some of the methods are precipitation, hydrolysis and hydrothermal process that all are expressed in low-temperature wet chemical processes.[23]. In this investigation, zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used without any posterior treatment by low reaction temperature to synthesize ZnO NPs with the help of applying knowledge of simple precipitation and sonochemical process. In this big issue, the availability of effective medicine can fight to solve the crisis 30 In this investigation, we evaluated the antihelminthic activity of ZnO NPs against Pheretima posthuma in which paralyzed time as well as mortality time activity was marked perfectly to understand the result with the ZnO NPs
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