Effectiveness of Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff Extract as a Complementary Therapy for Peri-Implantitis: An In Vitro and In Silico Study

Abstract

Background: Dental peri-implantitis is an inflammation that occurs in the peri-implant soft tissue and is accompanied by bone resorption, decreased osseointegration, and pockets. Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff extract may act as complementary therapy for peri-implantitis. Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of G. pictum L. Griff extract as a complementary therapy for peri-implantitis. Materials and Methods: A phytochemical test was performed to determine the active compounds using each compound's reagents. Antioxidant assay to examine the antioxidant activity compared with vitamin C. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) tests were used to investigate the antibacterial activity of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), and Provotella intermedia (Pi) as peri-implantitis-related bacteria. Molecular docking is an in-silico test to visualize the interaction of G. pictum L. Griff molecules with targeted proteins using several software programs and databases. This study was analyzed by parametric and non-parametric variance analysis and continued with a post-hoc test. Results: G. pictum L. Griff extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. The antibacterial effect of G. pictum L. Griff can inhibit the growth of dental peri-implantitis-related bacteria such as Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn with a minimum 25% extract concentration. In silico, the interaction of ethylcholest and proteins shows possible pharmalogical effects such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity. Conclusion: G. pictum L. Griff extract possesses good antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity that may be effective for dental peri-implantitis complementary therapy as documented in silico and in vitro.