Abstract
The affinity of different soil colloids to retain carbaryl, carbofuran and metolachlor in sandy loam and loam soil from mineral, surface horizons was investigated. The undisturbed soil samples and soils amended with colloids—kaolinite (K), montmorillonite (Mt), illite (Il), goethite (G), humic acid (HA)—were mixed with the pesticides for sorption–desorption studies. Their sorption magnitude in pristine soils followed the sequence metolachlor > carbaryl > carbofuran, with loam soil being a better pesticides retarder than sandy soil. The biggest magnitude of carbaryl sorption in light soil was observed in samples with the addition of HA (92.7%), Il (92.3%) and Ge (87.5%), whereas for carbofuran it was goethite (52.3%). Metolachlor uptake was significantly enhanced by 2:1 clays (Mt-85.0%, Il-69.4%), goethite (73.3%) and humic acids (75.4%). The loamy soil sorption capacity of the studied pesticides was blocked by the natural organic matter potentially due to the formation of organo-mineral complexes. HA (66.8%) was the most effective sorbent for carbaryl in the loamy soil, whereas Mt (55.1%) and HA (40.3%) for carbofuran. Metolachlor was retained to the same extent in all loamy soil variants (75.8–83.6%) and its desorption values were the lowest. Carbofuran demonstrated the greatest ability to leach among the studied chemicals.
Highlights
An increase in organic and inorganic pesticide use in agriculture brings the risk of direct or indirect soil and water contamination
The immobilization carbaryl, carbofuran and metolachlor on the pristine soils and their variants were very effective in inhibiting metolachlor sand soil with a low organic carbon content was less effective than on loamy-textured soil
Individual influence of different soil colloids utilized in the studies in the
Summary
An increase in organic and inorganic pesticide use in agriculture brings the risk of direct or indirect soil and water contamination. Most of these substances once applied on target organisms reach the soil environment, where they undergo many different processes. The fate and behavior of pesticides in soil is governed by their immobilization, transport and various transformations [1]. Mineral particles of different sizes, organic matter and soil microorganisms can profoundly influence the fate of pesticides [2]. The most significant of them, affecting the interactions between soil and chemicals, are soil colloids responsible for the adsorption–desorption phenomenon [3]
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