Effective valorisation of facile extract matrix of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb) against elite microbes of aquaculture industry–a credence to bioactive principles: Can it be a sustainability paradigm in designing broad spectrum antimicrobials?

Abstract

The indiscriminate use of chemicals and antibiotics has prompted the search for an alternative in the form of herbal therapy. An attempt was made to assess the efficacy of serially fractionated solvent extracts of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb) against significant aquaculture microbes. The solvent extracts were designated as Br1-Br7, F1-F7, and L1-L7, and they contained the bark, fruit, and leaves of T. arjuna, as well as 17 bacterial isolates of various types and one fungus, Aphanomyces invadans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for bacterial isolates ranged from 0.0 to 25 μg/mL, with an average of 11.39 ± 0.48 μg/mL. The ethanolic bark extract, Br5 (20.83 ± 0.10 mm), and the ethanolic fruit extract, F5 (19.50 ± 0.06 mm) had the greatest inhibition zone against Edwardsiella tarda (B1), and solvent extracts were effective at 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL for bacterial isolates and fungal strains, respectively. Ellagic acid (m/z 302.01 g/mol), 18-Glycyrrhetinic acid (m/z 470.34 g/mol), Azelaic acid (m/z 188.10 g/mol), and Caffeic acid (m/z 180.04 g/mol) were found to be the most prominent and best fit (> 80 percent) in mzcloud computing. Naringenin (m/z 272.06 g/mol) was discovered in Acetone bark extract, Kanamycin (m/z 426.35 g/mol) and Tetracycline (m/z 444.415 g/mol) in Ethanol bark extract, Orientin (m/z 448.10 g/mol), and Phloretin (m/z 274.08 g/mol) in leaf extracts, and the current study is the first of its kind, and it found that ethanolic bark extract (Br5) has the highest potential antimicrobial activity, followed by methanolic bark extract. As a result, the current study suggests that T. arjuna can be effectively valorized as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial for disease management and human welfare.