Abstract
We present an effective theory for the Bloch functions of a two-dimensional square lattice near a quadratic degeneracy point. The degeneracy is protected by the symmetries of the crystal, and breaking these symmetries can either open a bandgap or split the degeneracy into a pair of linear degeneracies that are continuable to Dirac points. A degeneracy of this type occurs between the second and third TM bands of a photonic crystal formed by a square lattice of dielectric rods. We show that the theory agrees with numerically computed photonic bandstructures, and discuss the resulting insight into the reflection-free edge modes induced by parity breaking.
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