Abstract
The need to find an environmentally friendly, renewable, and biodegradable fuel to reduce the growing dependence on fossil fuels and its attendant performance and emission inadequacies has increased research in biodiesel. Due to its low cost, availability, and a veritable means of waste disposal, waste vegetable oil from restaurants, waste fats from slaughterhouses, grease from wastewater treatment plants has gained prominence as biodiesel feedstock. This present effort compares the properties and fatty acid (FA) composition of neat palm oil (NPO), waste palm oil (WPO), and waste palm oil methyl ester (WPOME). WPO used to fry fish and chips (WPOFC), and waste palm oil used to fry sausage and chips (WPOSC) were collected at the point of disposal. The WPOFC and WPOSC were converted to WPOMEFC and WPOMESC, respectively, by transesterification and subjected to property determination and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis. The characterization showed that the ratio of saturated FA to unsaturated FA changed from 19.64 %:80.36 % for NPO, to 37.67 %:62.33 % for WPOFC, 54.75 %:45.25 % for WPOSC, 30.43 %:69.58 % for WPOMEFC and 16.2 %:83.8 % for WPOMESC. These outcomes can be attributed to the effect of repeated heating and cooling during frying, contamination from moisture, food fried, and the transesterification reaction. Â
Highlights
The increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization has an ongoing effect on energy demand putting enormous pressures on finite energy sources [1], [2]
The characterization showed that the ratio of saturated fatty acid (FA) to unsaturated FA changed from 19.64 %:80.36 % for neat palm oil (NPO), to 37.67 %:62.33 % for WPO used to fry fish and chips (WPOFC), 54.75 %:45.25 % for WPOSC, 30.43 %:69.58 % for WPOMEFC and 16.2 %:83.8 % for WPOMESC
One of the strategies to make the commercial production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) attainable and affordable is the adoption of waste cooking oil (WCO) as a feedstock
Summary
The increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization has an ongoing effect on energy demand putting enormous pressures on finite energy sources [1], [2]. Low sulfur content, safer handling, higher cetane number, etc., large-scale production and application of FAME has been hampered by the high cost of feedstock, the food vs fuel debate, and the long time required to cultivate inedible vegetable feedstocks e.g. 3 to 4 years for a palm tree to bear fruit [9], and 2 to 3 years for a moringa tree to bear fruit [10]. It costs about US$0.35 to produce a litre of PBDF from fossil fuel compared to about US$0.5 to produce a litre of FAME, with raw materials accounting for most of the cost [11]. This degradation affects the properties, fatty acid composition and the degree of saturation of the oil thereby lowering the quality of the oil
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