Abstract
Waste or by-product use is in focus for reducing the environmental threat and acquiring wealth out of waste. The current study aim was to investigate the effects of ultrasound pretreatment on the extraction of bioactive compounds and composition of essential oils extracted from citrus waste. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize higher yield extraction parameters. Pretreatment of ultrasound-assisted extraction recovered 33% enhanced yield with reduced time and was economical as compared to conventional hydro-distilled process. The functional quality of essential oil was determined using FTIR and GC-MS. Antioxidants from citrus peel and pulp/pomace were extracted and analyzed by spectroscopic techniques. The quantification of bioactive compounds from citrus waste was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mass transfer rate of antioxidants from peel and pomace were 30% increased as a result of ultrasound-assisted treatment. The significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher TPC (735.54 mg/100 g) and antioxidant activity (44.26%) was recorded in Citrus sinensis Pulp and peel respectively. The bioactive compounds such as hesperidin (31.52 mg/100 g) was significantly higher in (p ≤ 0.05) in Citrus sinensis pulnd extract. Vanillin was found 1.21 mg/100 g in peel extract of citrus fruit, moreover vanillin was not detected in pulp extract. Myrecitin was not detected in both the samples. The bioactive natural compounds extracted from citrus peel can be used in food and pharma sector as natural anti-oxidantcompounds.
Highlights
Citrus is a valuable fruit crop grown worldwide and had 124.3 million ton production annually
These results show that the ultrasound pre-treatment does not affect the composition of the essential oil obtained from the citrus peel (Figure 3)
The contents of other type terpenoids, such as sesquiterpenoids (bicycle[3.1.0]hexane, 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl) and 2-cyclohexen-1-one, 3-methyl6-(1-methylethenyl)- cis), alcohols (β-linalool and α-terpineol), aldehydes, ketones (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexanone), acids and oxides were occupied low concentration.Previous studies with similar kinds have used different extraction methods of essential oil and our results were consistent with themin terms of major and minor component identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis
Summary
Citrus is a valuable fruit crop grown worldwide and had 124.3 million ton production annually. Fruit and vegetable processing industries generate considerable amount of solid waste that contain highly valuable bioactive compounds [1,2,3]. These by-products are an excellent source of essential oil and bioactive compounds such as flavones and polyphenols. The polyphenols and essential oils are used as food additives in baked products such as cake, cookies, biscuits, and bread to increase the nutrient and flavoring agent They possess anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, germicidal, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic atherosclerosis aphrodisiac, anti-septic, carminative, diuretic, tonic, sedative, and cholagouge properties. The current investigation was undertaken to understand the effect of ultrasound pretreatment on the extraction of essential oil and bioactive compounds from peel and pulp/pomace of citrus fruit. The current investigation will be beneficial at commercial scale for developing new products and formulation using bioactive compounds from citrus waste
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