Abstract
Bioceramic materials, such as hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, (HAp), can be chemically bound to bone tissue; since they are bioactive and biocompatible. HAp, titanium oxide (TiO2), and hydroxyapatite/titanium oxide (HAp/TiO2) nanocomposite nanoparticles were obtained by ultrasound irradiation assisted by sol-gel and co-precipitation methods at different time intervals, using Ca(NO3)2•4H2O, (NH4)2HPO4, and TiOSO4•xH2O as calcium, phosphorus, and titanium sources, respectively. HAp, TiO2, and HAp/TiO2 nanocomposite powders were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Raman Spectroscopy. The percentages of anatase phase for TiO2 and of monoclinic and hexagonal phases for HAp were quantified by Rietveld refinement. Furthermore, sample crystallinity in each material was enhanced by increasing the ultrasound irradiation time. The nanoparticle shape was semi-spherical, agglomerated, and between 17 and 20 nm in size. The agglomeration of particles in the samples was corroborated with a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM).
Highlights
An example of a natural composite material is bone tissue in vertebrates and humans, whose main components are inorganic (e.g., CaPO4, HPO4 2−, CO3 2−, Cl−, and metallic ions) and bioinorganic phases, and which resembles the structure of hydroxyapatite [1]
The synthesis of HAp and TiO2 was carried out using soft chemistry techniques and co-precipitation and sol-gel methods assisted by ultrasound irradiation to obtain the nanocrystalline materials at time intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min
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Summary
An example of a natural composite material is bone tissue in vertebrates and humans, whose main components are inorganic (e.g., CaPO4 , HPO4 2− , CO3 2− , Cl− , and metallic ions) and bioinorganic (e.g., fibrous protein collagen, polysaccharides, and primary bone cells) phases, and which resembles the structure of hydroxyapatite [1]. HAp is a bioceramic material that can be chemically bound to bone tissue, making it bioactive and biocompatible. Its origin can be from biological tissue (derived from coral or bovine bone tissue) or chemical synthesis [2,3] Recent research has been focused on improving the mechanical properties of HAp by using oxide semiconductors and ceramics, such as zirconia, alumina, pyrolytic carbon, and bioglass, to enhance the resistance and stability in specific parts of the human body that require further support [4,5,6]. Previous studies have shown the interaction between metallic oxides, such as titanium oxide (TiO2 ) and hydroxyapatite as an effective alternative to improve the mechanical and anticorrosive properties of the composite (HAp/TiO2 ) [7,8,9,10].
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