Abstract
The effect of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was investigated on the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic factors in diabetic rats, and the effect of crocin and insulin was examined on these factors. Fifty-four adult male wistar rats were divided into nine experimental groups: control group, crocin group (received crocin, 50 mg/kg), diabetic group (received a single dose of alloxan at 120 mg/kg, IP), TSP group (5 mg/kg TSP instilled intratracheally), diabetic-crocin group (received crocin at 50 mg/kg after the induction of diabetes by alloxan (120 mg/kg)), diabetic-insulin group (received regular insulin (5 U/kg), crocin-TSP group (received crocin at 50 mg/kg, IP, and then 5 mg/kg TSP was instilled intratracheally), diabetic-TSP-insulin group (after receiving alloxan (120 mg/kg) and instilling TSP (5 mg/kg, intratracheally), a single dose (5 U/kg) of regular insulin), and diabetic-TSP-crocin group (after receiving alloxan (120 mg/kg) and instilling TSP (5 mg/kg, intratracheally), a single dose of crocin (50 mg/kg, IP)). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure the expression of the mRNAs of apoptotic (Bax and Bcl2) and inflammatory mediators (TNFα, COX2, iNOS/eNOS) in Wistar rats. In diabetic and TSP groups the inflammatory factors and BAX/Bcl2 ratio significantly increased compared to the control group. In diabetic-TSP-insulin and diabetic-TSP-crocin, a significant decrease was observed in the rate of inflammatory factors and BAX/Bcl2 ratio. The results suggested that diabetes and exposure to TSP increase the rate of apoptosis and inflammation, and also demonstrated the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammation role of insulin and crocin.
Highlights
The number of people with diabetes is expected to increase from 425 million adults in 2017 to 629 million in 2045 [1]
Our results showed that in diabetic groups, the mRNA expression of the studied inflammatory factors COX2, TNFα, iNOS and the ratio of iNOS/eNOS significantly increased compared to the control group, while the gene expression of eNOS significantly decreased
These results are in agreement with the findings of Szerafin et al who reported that COX-2 mRNA expression increased in coronary arterioles in diabetes [26]. iNOS is related to tubular damage in renal failure, and the NO increase in diabetes may describe the endothelial dysfunction associated with diabetic complications [27]
Summary
The number of people with diabetes is expected to increase from 425 million adults in 2017 to 629 million in 2045 [1]. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been proved to increase the level of inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2, iNOS, caspase-3, and Bax and decrease the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Antioxidants such as crocin, a natural carotenoid found in Crocus sativus L. Conclusions: The results suggested that diabetes and exposure to TSP increase the rate of apoptosis and inflammation, and demonstrated the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammation role of insulin and crocin
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