Abstract
The effectiveness of crown ethers (CEs) at cadmium was found to mainly depend on the character of metal–additive complexation. The formation of electroactive complexes in the bulk of solution usually facilitates the electrode reaction. In contrast, the interaction of metal ions with adsorbed CE molecules inhibits the process. The former effect is associated with a deficiency in CE, while the latter is due to its excess compared to metal ions. Both effects are enhanced with an increase in the number of oxygen atoms in a CE molecule. The electrode reaction rate and the properties of Ni coatings are determined by a specific interaction of CE molecules with surface metal atoms. Adhesion, microhardness, and protective properties of Ni coatings are enhanced in the order of crown ethers 12C4 < 15C5 < 18C6. The microhardness and adhesion of the coatings are also enhanced with an increase in the CE concentration, while their protective properties deteriorate in most cases.
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