Abstract
The effects of a single basal fertilization with oxamide compared with those of a split application of urea on ammonia volatilization, rice yield, nitrogen (N) accumulation, and N use efficiency were investigated in a field experiment over 2 years. The study consisted of two N fertilizers (oxamide and urea) applied at 157.5 and 225 kg N ha−1 and a no-N Control. Compared with urea, the single application of oxamide produced similar rice yields and reduced approximately 38.3% to 62.7% of the N lost through ammonia volatilization in 2013 and 2014. Oxamide applied at a rate of 225 kg N ha−1 resulted in greater aboveground accumulation of N by rice than the other treatments in both years, and oxamide fertilization resulted in the accumulation of an additional 15.2 kg N ha−1 and 15.3 kg N ha−1 compared to the amounts accumulated under the urea treatments at the same N application rates. N use efficiency was higher under oxamide than under urea treatment. In conclusion, the use of oxamide as a fertilizer can reduce N loss via ammonia volatilization, increase N use efficiency, and maintain a steady rice grain yield.
Highlights
Nitrogen (N) management involves selecting a proper application rate, source, timing, and placement, and it plays an important role in increasing rice yield
The largest contribution to ammonia emissions comes from various agricultural practices, such as chemical N fertilizer application [21]
The ammonia volatilization rate reached a maximum 1 or 2 days after the urea was applied to the field and decreased sharply after approximately 5–12 days, returning to a level similar to that of the control treatment
Summary
Nitrogen (N) management involves selecting a proper application rate, source, timing, and placement, and it plays an important role in increasing rice yield. Increasing N fertilizer application has been a major approach that has significantly contributed to the improvement of rice yield [1]. Excessive chemical N inputs and improper methods of fertilization have led to low N use efficiency and have resulted in a series of environmental problems due to leaching, runoff, and the emission of ammonia and greenhouse gases [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. More effective N management strategies with an emphasis on being environmentally friendly, convenient application, and high N use efficiency are urgently needed The lack of fertilizer application machines and the shortage of agricultural workers in China make it difficult [9].
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