Abstract
Biochar (BC) potentially accelerates ammonia (NH3) volatilization from rice paddy soils. In this regard, however, application the floating duckweed (FDW) to biochar-amended soil to control the NH3 volatilization is not studied up-to-date. Therefore, the impacts of BC application with and without FDW on the NH3 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, NUE and rice grain yield were evaluated in a soil columns experiment. We repacked soil columns with Hydragric Anthrosol and Haplic Acrisol treated in triplicates with Urea, Urea+BC and Urea+BC+FDW. Total NH3 losses from Hydragric Anthrosol and Haplic Acrisol were 15.2-33.2 kg N ha-1 and 19.6-39.7 kg N ha-1, respectively. Urea+BC treatment recorded 25.6-43.7% higher (p < 0.05) NH3 losses than Urea treatment, attributing to higher pH value of floodwater. Floating duckweed decreased soil pH and therefore significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the NH3 volatilizations from the two soils by 50.6-54.2% over Urea+BC and by 34.2-38.0% over Urea treatment. Total N2O emissions from Hydragric Anthrosol and Haplic Acrisol were 1.19-3.42 kg N ha-1 and 0.67-2.08 kg N ha-1, respectively. Urea+BC treatment increased N2O emissions by 58.8-68.7% and Urea+BC+FDW treatment further increased N2O emission by 187.4-210.4% over Urea treatment. Higher ammonium content of the topsoil, explained the N2O increases in the Urea+BC and Urea+BC+FDW treatments. Urea+BC slightly reduced the rice grain yield and NUE, while the Urea+BC+FDW promoted both rice yield and NUE. Our data indicate that co-application of FDW along with BC in paddy soil could mitigate the NH3 volatilization and enhance the rice grain yield and NUE.
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